{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403938137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ithings-greencom-cpscom-smartdata-cybermatics62450.2024.00102","title":"On the Security and Privacy Implications of Large Language Models: In-Depth Threat Analysis","display_name":"On the Security and Privacy Implications of Large Language Models: In-Depth Threat Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403938137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ithings-greencom-cpscom-smartdata-cybermatics62450.2024.00102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ithings-greencom-cpscom-smartdata-cybermatics62450.2024.00102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ithings-greencom-cpscom-smartdata-cybermatics62450.2024.00102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing &amp;amp; Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical &amp;amp; Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) and IEEE Congress on Cybermatics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114473142","display_name":"Luis Ruhl\u00e4nder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Ruhl\u00e4nder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114473143","display_name":"Emilian Popp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilian Popp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114473144","display_name":"Maria Stylidou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Stylidou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084521751","display_name":"Sajjad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-5065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102248843","display_name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn8s215","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vienna University of Economics and Business,Department of Information Systems and Operations Management,Vienna,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049821727","display_name":"Davor Svetinovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-9556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davor Svetinovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University,Center for Secure Cyber-Physical Systems,Department of Computer Science,Abu Dhabi,UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University,Center for Secure Cyber-Physical Systems,Department of Computer Science,Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114473142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102248843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86622622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"543","last_page":"550"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9207000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9083999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6694583296775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5740405917167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5411592721939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.45317205786705017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6694583296775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5740405917167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5411592721939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.45317205786705017}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ithings-greencom-cpscom-smartdata-cybermatics62450.2024.00102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ithings-greencom-cpscom-smartdata-cybermatics62450.2024.00102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing &amp;amp; Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical &amp;amp; Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) and IEEE Congress on Cybermatics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.wu.ac.at:openaire_cris_publications/66c506ba-eb0c-48ee-92ce-54df787b523e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wu.ac.at/de/publications/66c506ba-eb0c-48ee-92ce-54df787b523e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055123","display_name":"WU Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ruhl\u00e4nder, L, Popp, E, Stylidou, M, Khan, S & Svetinovic, D 2024, On the Security and Privacy Implications of Large Language Models: In-Depth Threat Analysis. in 2024 IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing & Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical & Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) and IEEE Congress on Cybermatics : Copenhagen, Denmark, 2024. IEEE, pp. 543-550. https://doi.org/10.1109/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData-Cybermatics62450.2024.00102","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969354810","https://openalex.org/W1970576856","https://openalex.org/W2169818249","https://openalex.org/W2775185969","https://openalex.org/W2973379954","https://openalex.org/W2995858433","https://openalex.org/W3022956672","https://openalex.org/W3114627546","https://openalex.org/W3170344956","https://openalex.org/W3217417806","https://openalex.org/W4200146754","https://openalex.org/W4235449205","https://openalex.org/W4283026156","https://openalex.org/W4321610465","https://openalex.org/W4321855128","https://openalex.org/W4360104903","https://openalex.org/W4365512576","https://openalex.org/W4376653418","https://openalex.org/W4380353722","https://openalex.org/W4385270018","https://openalex.org/W4386185470","https://openalex.org/W4386185575","https://openalex.org/W4387124688","https://openalex.org/W4387725212","https://openalex.org/W4388049829","https://openalex.org/W4388110106","https://openalex.org/W4388235105","https://openalex.org/W4389520201","https://openalex.org/W4389520705","https://openalex.org/W4390678101","https://openalex.org/W4391211920","https://openalex.org/W4392353733","https://openalex.org/W4393065402","https://openalex.org/W4404518472","https://openalex.org/W6767858076","https://openalex.org/W6838461927","https://openalex.org/W6851110899","https://openalex.org/W6852338122","https://openalex.org/W6853490811","https://openalex.org/W6855821337","https://openalex.org/W6856672063","https://openalex.org/W6858060342","https://openalex.org/W6858143550","https://openalex.org/W6861353280","https://openalex.org/W7052124442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584827882","https://openalex.org/W2538581760","https://openalex.org/W3195097297","https://openalex.org/W4225340788","https://openalex.org/W3038106605","https://openalex.org/W2513267613","https://openalex.org/W3049084372","https://openalex.org/W2528109871","https://openalex.org/W2940702331","https://openalex.org/W2905822832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4,28],"gained":[5],"popularity":[6],"since":[7],"the":[8,57,67,101,112,129,149],"release":[9],"of":[10,59,73,89,97,116,132,151],"ChatGPT":[11],"in":[12,155],"2022.":[13],"These":[14],"systems":[15],"utilize":[16],"Artificial":[17],"Intelligence":[18],"(AI)":[19],"algorithms":[20],"to":[21,27,65,83,111,128],"analyze":[22],"natural":[23],"language,":[24],"enabling":[25],"users":[26],"sophisticated":[29],"real-time":[30],"conversations":[31],"with":[32],"them.":[33],"The":[34],"existing":[35],"literature":[36],"on":[37,42,49],"LLMs":[38,98],"is":[39,63],"mostly":[40],"focused":[41],"system":[43,95,118,140],"design":[44,113],"and":[45,52,70,80,86,99,107,114,159],"lacks":[46],"dedicated":[47],"research":[48],"investigating":[50],"privacy":[51,71,87],"security":[53,69,85,105,153],"issues.":[54],"To":[55],"safeguard":[56],"interests":[58],"various":[60,117],"stakeholders,":[61],"it":[62],"crucial":[64],"understand":[66],"associated":[68],"risks":[72],"these":[74],"models.":[75],"Our":[76,120],"study":[77,147],"utilized":[78],"STRIDE":[79],"LINDDUN":[81],"methodologies":[82],"investigate":[84],"threats":[88,126],"LLMs.":[90],"We":[91],"presented":[92],"a":[93],"detailed":[94],"model":[96],"analyzed":[100],"potential":[102,125],"threats,":[103],"vulnerabilities,":[104],"considerations,":[106],"mitigation":[108],"tactics":[109],"intrinsic":[110],"deployment":[115],"components.":[119],"comprehensive":[121],"threat":[122],"assessment":[123],"showcases":[124],"imminent":[127],"current":[130],"generation":[131],"LLMs,":[133],"such":[134],"as":[135],"unintentional":[136],"data":[137],"leakage":[138],"or":[139],"misuse":[141],"by":[142],"malicious":[143],"actors.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"our":[146],"discusses":[148],"importance":[150],"proactive":[152],"measures":[154],"LLM":[156],"development,":[157],"deployment,":[158],"maintenance.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
