{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008941419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itc44170.2019.9000178","title":"FAE: Autoencoder-Based Failure Binning of RTL Designs for Verification and Debugging","display_name":"FAE: Autoencoder-Based Failure Binning of RTL Designs for Verification and Debugging","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008941419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itc44170.2019.9000178","mag":"3008941419"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itc44170.2019.9000178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itc44170.2019.9000178","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110285758","display_name":"Cheng-Hsien Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Hsien Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045456913","display_name":"Aaron C.-W. Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8237-0878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron C.-W. Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012107361","display_name":"Charles C.-H. Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles C.-H. Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682308","display_name":"Charles H.\u2010P. Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4623-9941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles H.-P. Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.8390536308288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7750742435455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7335867881774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6453475952148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6242740750312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4209705591201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.415909081697464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33875057101249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.25748640298843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20279771089553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.15746593475341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.10792651772499084}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.8390536308288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7750742435455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7335867881774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6453475952148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6242740750312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4209705591201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.415909081697464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33875057101249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.25748640298843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20279771089553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.15746593475341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.10792651772499084}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itc44170.2019.9000178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itc44170.2019.9000178","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505105576","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W1672197616","https://openalex.org/W1790954942","https://openalex.org/W1969019712","https://openalex.org/W1979903718","https://openalex.org/W1992813097","https://openalex.org/W2012262513","https://openalex.org/W2046834603","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2130433275","https://openalex.org/W2157305458","https://openalex.org/W2165533158","https://openalex.org/W2772234823","https://openalex.org/W3150068362","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4235169531"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2740264376","https://openalex.org/W4206999239","https://openalex.org/W2161928627","https://openalex.org/W4388482952","https://openalex.org/W2786113878","https://openalex.org/W2727867943","https://openalex.org/W3015562293","https://openalex.org/W4400860681","https://openalex.org/W2787155073","https://openalex.org/W2621101275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,208],"the":[1,16,33,93,123,130,211],"Register":[2],"Transfer":[3],"Level":[4],"(RTL)":[5],"designs":[6,114],"are":[7,52,63],"more":[8,22,115,234],"complicated,":[9],"debugging":[10,21,112],"becomes":[11],"a":[12,56,150,209],"major":[13],"bottleneck":[14],"in":[15,55,74,149,196,200,205],"design":[17],"process.":[18],"To":[19],"make":[20],"efficient,":[23],"failure":[24,29,61,97,106,225,231],"binning":[25,107,232],"aims":[26],"at":[27,46],"grouping":[28],"traces":[30,62,226],"caused":[31],"by":[32,60,184],"same":[34],"error":[35,70,85],"source":[36,71],"together":[37],"so":[38],"that":[39,161],"designers":[40,155],"can":[41,163],"focus":[42],"on":[43,230],"one":[44,47],"bug":[45],"time.":[48],"However,":[49],"as":[50],"there":[51],"multiple":[53],"bugs":[54],"design,":[57],"behaviors":[58],"exhibited":[59],"diverse":[64,224],"and":[65,125,148,202,227],"severely":[66],"confuse":[67],"designers.":[68],"One":[69],"may":[72,87],"result":[73],"different":[75,79,84],"appearances":[76,91],"subject":[77],"to":[78,129,139,152,219],"activation":[80],"conditions.":[81],"In":[82,99],"addition,":[83],"sources":[86],"also":[88,191],"exhibit":[89],"similar":[90],"among":[92],"limited":[94],"number":[95,172],"of":[96,166,173],"traces.":[98],"this":[100],"work,":[101],"we":[102],"propose":[103],"an":[104,170],"autoencoder-based":[105,213],"engine":[108],"name":[109],"FAE":[110,142,162,190],"for":[111,136,188],"RTL":[113],"efficiently.":[116],"The":[117],"autoencoders":[118],"extract":[119,220],"meaningful":[120],"representations":[121],"from":[122,223],"sparse":[124],"high-dimensional":[126],"feature":[127],"space":[128,132],"latent":[131],"with":[133,233],"good":[134],"properties":[135],"clustering.":[137],"Superior":[138],"prior":[140,176],"works,":[141,177],"provides":[143],"confidence":[144],"ranks":[145],"between":[146],"bins":[147,165,174],"bin":[151],"clearly":[153],"guide":[154],"during":[156],"debugging.":[157,236],"Experimental":[158],"results":[159],"show":[160],"drive":[164],"higher":[167],"purity":[168],"under":[169],"acceptable":[171],"than":[175],"dropping":[178],"only":[179],"few":[180],"less-informative":[181],"failures.":[182],"Evaluated":[183],"three":[185],"common":[186],"metrics":[187],"clustering,":[189],"achieves":[192],"averagely":[193],"13.1%":[194],"improvement":[195,199,204],"purity,":[197],"25.0%":[198],"NMI":[201],"18.2%":[203],"ARI,":[206],"respectively.":[207],"result,":[210],"proposed":[212],"engine,":[214],"FAE,":[215],"applies":[216],"machine":[217],"learning":[218],"useful":[221],"information":[222],"is":[228],"effective":[229],"focused":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}