{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413755561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130332","title":"Flip-UnLock: An Anomaly Detection Attack on Flip-Flop-Based Logic Locking","display_name":"Flip-UnLock: An Anomaly Detection Attack on Flip-Flop-Based Logic Locking","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413755561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062494695","display_name":"Armin Darjani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-8158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Darjani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr University,Bochum,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University,Bochum,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082979317","display_name":"Nima Kavand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4588-5303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Kavand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr University,Bochum,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University,Bochum,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755285","display_name":"Akash Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7125-1737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akash Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr University,Bochum,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University,Bochum,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21204293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flip-flop","display_name":"Flip-flop","score":0.9082912802696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flip","display_name":"Flip","score":0.7415963411331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5518199801445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.44692346453666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11624559760093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09246724843978882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781007278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183406","display_name":"Flip-flop","level":3,"score":0.9082912802696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776591724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5459651","display_name":"Flip","level":3,"score":0.7415963411331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5518199801445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.44692346453666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11624559760093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09246724843978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2892708618","https://openalex.org/W2946592689","https://openalex.org/W3086687520","https://openalex.org/W3092142741","https://openalex.org/W3140586337","https://openalex.org/W3176336444","https://openalex.org/W3210696949","https://openalex.org/W4281670546","https://openalex.org/W4310370778","https://openalex.org/W4386763595","https://openalex.org/W4386763948","https://openalex.org/W4400878446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944644673","https://openalex.org/W4394356971","https://openalex.org/W2936325888","https://openalex.org/W2733322820","https://openalex.org/W4256254028","https://openalex.org/W4236067172","https://openalex.org/W4248274330","https://openalex.org/W4301360729","https://openalex.org/W3142006478","https://openalex.org/W2775189871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Globalization":[0],"of":[1,26,48,68,126,179],"the":[2,24,35,45,49,65,69,123,127,138,167],"IC":[3],"supply":[4],"chain":[5],"has":[6,16,31,77],"led":[7],"to":[8,19,149],"rising":[9],"hardware-based":[10],"reverse":[11],"engineering":[12],"attacks.":[13],"Logic":[14],"locking":[15,39,73,84,92,129,155,169],"been":[17,78],"proposed":[18,79],"counter":[20,100],"these":[21],"threats.":[22],"However,":[23],"emergence":[25],"machine":[27,103],"learning":[28],"(ML)-based":[29],"attacks":[30],"proved":[32],"that":[33,80,89,136],"even":[34],"most":[36],"complex":[37],"logic":[38],"approaches":[40],"leave":[41],"structural":[42,97],"traces":[43],"around":[44,64],"locked":[46,66],"subparts":[47,67],"circuit":[50,139],"stemming":[51],"from":[52],"optimization":[53],"steps":[54],"utilized":[55],"by":[56,117,160],"security-agnostic":[57],"synthesis":[58],"tools.":[59],"To":[60],"prevent":[61],"such":[62],"optimizations":[63],"circuit,":[70],"a":[71,141],"flip-flop-based":[72,91,161],"approach":[74,164],"named":[75],"Flip-Lock":[76],"incorporates":[81],"flip-flops":[82,156],"in":[83,157,171],"substructures.":[85],"This":[86],"paper":[87],"demonstrates":[88],"while":[90],"substructures":[93],"effectively":[94],"mitigate":[95],"local":[96],"leakages":[98],"and":[99,144,153],"all":[101],"conventional":[102],"learning-based":[104],"attacks,":[105],"they":[106],"inadvertently":[107],"introduce":[108,132],"circuit-level":[109],"timing":[110,142],"anomalies.":[111],"These":[112],"anomalies":[113],"can":[114],"be":[115],"exploited":[116],"anomaly":[118,146],"detection":[119,147],"mechanisms,":[120],"thereby":[121],"undermining":[122],"security":[124],"guarantees":[125],"flip-flopbased":[128,168],"technique.":[130],"We":[131],"Flip-UnLock,":[133],"an":[134,176],"attack":[135],"transforms":[137],"into":[140],"graph":[143],"applies":[145],"techniques":[148],"differentiate":[150],"between":[151],"original":[152],"add-on":[154],"circuits":[158,174],"secured":[159],"locking.":[162],"Our":[163],"successfully":[165],"compromises":[166],"mechanism":[170],"various":[172],"benchmark":[173],"with":[175],"average":[177],"accuracy":[178],"88.3%.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}