{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413755379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130302","title":"Sparse-Aware NTT: Accelerating Lattice-Based Cryptography on FPGAs","display_name":"Sparse-Aware NTT: Accelerating Lattice-Based Cryptography on FPGAs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413755379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130302","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114183804","display_name":"Dixit Dutt Bohra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154549908","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03yacj906","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dixit Dutt Bohra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Jodhpur,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Jodhpur,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002481103","display_name":"Dip Sankar Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0476-1224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154549908","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03yacj906","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dip Sankar Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Jodhpur,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Jodhpur,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015932261","display_name":"Somitra Kumar Sanadhya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1046-184X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154549908","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03yacj906","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somitra Sanadhya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Jodhpur,India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Jodhpur,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114183804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154549908"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91147233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7298711538314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-based-cryptography","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","score":0.7278955578804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7050249576568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6763884425163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice","display_name":"Lattice (music)","score":0.4617595374584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","score":0.427897185087204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.41863030195236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35669830441474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3375832438468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23680979013442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19305691123008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.19266480207443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.14786431193351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.07950139045715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07008680701255798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7298711538314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497083","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","level":5,"score":0.7278955578804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7050249576568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6763884425163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.4617595374584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108277079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233576","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.427897185087204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.41863030195236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35669830441474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3375832438468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23680979013442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19305691123008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.19266480207443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.14786431193351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.07950139045715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07008680701255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi65124.2025.11130302","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3172324685","https://openalex.org/W1489923862","https://openalex.org/W2093721992","https://openalex.org/W4298094689","https://openalex.org/W4293172089","https://openalex.org/W2598288910","https://openalex.org/W2778344520","https://openalex.org/W2315723423","https://openalex.org/W4385627932","https://openalex.org/W2550942574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lattice-based":[0],"cryptographic":[1,129],"schemes":[2,91],"rely":[3],"on":[4,97],"structured":[5],"polynomial":[6,21],"arithmetic,":[7],"where":[8],"efficient":[9],"multiplication":[10,22,43],"is":[11],"critical":[12],"for":[13,27,136],"performance.":[14],"The":[15,73],"Number":[16],"Theoretic":[17],"Transform":[18],"(NTT)":[19],"accelerates":[20],"but":[23],"performs":[24],"redundant":[25],"computations":[26],"sparse":[28,93],"polynomials,":[29],"leading":[30],"to":[31,88],"increased":[32],"hardware":[33],"overhead.":[34,141],"This":[35],"work":[36],"introduces":[37],"Sparse-Aware":[38],"NTT":[39,59],"(SparseNTT),":[40],"a":[41,100,106,120],"hybrid":[42],"scheme":[44],"that":[45],"dynamically":[46],"detects":[47],"and":[48,61,84,86,111],"processes":[49],"only":[50],"nonzero":[51],"coefficients,":[52],"reducing":[53],"transformation":[54],"costs.":[55],"By":[56],"leveraging":[57],"precomputed":[58],"representations":[60],"applying":[62],"early-stage":[63],"modular":[64],"pre-reduction,":[65],"SparseNTT":[66],"minimizes":[67],"unnecessary":[68],"operations":[69],"while":[70,118],"preserving":[71],"correctness.":[72],"proposed":[74],"approach":[75],"seamlessly":[76],"integrates":[77],"into":[78],"Kyber\u2019s":[79],"CCA-secure":[80],"key":[81],"generation,":[82],"encryption,":[83],"decryption":[85],"extends":[87],"other":[89],"lattice-based":[90],"utilizing":[92],"polynomials.":[94],"FPGA":[95],"implementation":[96],"Artix-7":[98],"demonstrates":[99],"54%":[101],"reduction":[102,114],"in":[103,109,115,123],"LUT":[104],"usage,":[105],"47%":[107],"decrease":[108],"FFs,":[110],"an":[112],"80%":[113],"DSP":[116],"utilization,":[117],"achieving":[119],"58.3%":[121],"improvement":[122],"execution":[124],"time.":[125],"These":[126],"optimizations":[127],"enhance":[128],"accelerators,":[130],"enabling":[131],"scalable,":[132],"high-performance":[133],"post-quantum":[134],"security":[135],"embedded":[137],"systems":[138],"with":[139],"minimal":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
