{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2293902648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istcs.1997.595168","title":"Commutative queries","display_name":"Commutative queries","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2293902648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istcs.1997.595168","mag":"2293902648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/istcs.1997.595168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istcs.1997.595168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fifth Israeli Symposium on Theory of Computing and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078715930","display_name":"Richard Beigel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143663144","display_name":"Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/022qmyy53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538","https://openalex.org/I143663144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Beigel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yale University, USA","Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Yale University and University of Maryland, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yale University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Yale University and University of Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143663144","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082398104","display_name":"Richard Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-7958"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078715930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143663144","https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63075112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":null,"first_page":"159","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.9063082933425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-machine","display_name":"Turing machine","score":0.7189733982086182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6782940626144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.6017507910728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial-hierarchy","display_name":"Polynomial hierarchy","score":0.5370845198631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.5135114789009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4493938088417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commutative-property","display_name":"Commutative property","score":0.4439205825328827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-hierarchy-theorem","display_name":"Time hierarchy theorem","score":0.4386233985424042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.41582241654396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3676380515098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.3451805114746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2706172466278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.25461503863334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23565644025802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18285420536994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-turing-machine","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","score":0.15052056312561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.05626392364501953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.9063082933425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29248071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163310","display_name":"Turing machine","level":3,"score":0.7189733982086182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6782940626144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.6017507910728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776013622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2103021","display_name":"Polynomial hierarchy","level":3,"score":0.5370845198631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.5135114789009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4493938088417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183778304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165474","display_name":"Commutative property","level":2,"score":0.4439205825328827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48415503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251122","display_name":"Time hierarchy theorem","level":5,"score":0.4386233985424042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.41582241654396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3676380515098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.3451805114746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2706172466278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.25461503863334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23565644025802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18285420536994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131671149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703890","display_name":"Universal Turing machine","level":4,"score":0.15052056312561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.05626392364501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/istcs.1997.595168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istcs.1997.595168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fifth Israeli Symposium on Theory of Computing and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.26.118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.26.118","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~chang/papers/order/order.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.35.7004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.35.7004","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://1013seopc.eecs.uic.edu/papers/bc-cqueries-journal.PS.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.63.8971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.63.8971","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~chang/papers/order/order.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.92.4984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.92.4984","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://knight.cis.temple.edu/~beigel/papers/bc-cqueries-journal.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35169976","https://openalex.org/W172851179","https://openalex.org/W1488148209","https://openalex.org/W1498376507","https://openalex.org/W1559732473","https://openalex.org/W1986602165","https://openalex.org/W2038109862","https://openalex.org/W2050186596","https://openalex.org/W2053094807","https://openalex.org/W2063158069","https://openalex.org/W2140152225","https://openalex.org/W2913624541","https://openalex.org/W4300191463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W31087064","https://openalex.org/W1980326341","https://openalex.org/W1978001037","https://openalex.org/W4252144354","https://openalex.org/W1584225668","https://openalex.org/W2963860960","https://openalex.org/W1969470083","https://openalex.org/W4312201671","https://openalex.org/W192442233","https://openalex.org/W2122747219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,33],"consider":[1],"polynomial-time":[2],"Turing":[3],"machines":[4],"that":[5,61],"have":[6],"access":[7],"to":[8,78],"two":[9],"oracles":[10,22],"and":[11,57],"investigate":[12],"when":[13],"the":[14,29,40,51,62,65,71,82,91],"order":[15,41,63,92],"of":[16,42,54,64,93],"oracle":[17,43,94],"queries":[18,44,66,95],"is":[19],"significant.":[20],"The":[21],"used":[23],"here":[24],"are":[25],"complete":[26],"languages":[27],"for":[28,36,88],"Polynomial":[30],"Hierarchy":[31],"(PH).":[32],"prove":[34,86],"that,":[35,87],"solving":[37],"decision":[38],"problems,":[39],"does":[45,67,96],"not":[46,68],"matter.":[47],"This":[48],"improves":[49],"upon":[50],"previous":[52],"result":[53],"Hemaspaandra,":[55],"Hemaspaandra":[56],"Hempel,":[58],"who":[59],"showed":[60],"matter":[69,97],"if":[70],"base":[72],"machine":[73],"asks":[74],"only":[75],"one":[76],"query":[77],"each":[79],"oracle.":[80],"On":[81],"other":[83],"hand,":[84],"we":[85],"computing":[89],"functions,":[90],"unless":[98],"PH":[99],"collapses.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}