{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200035515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186","title":"Should the private sector conduct \u201chack back\u201d operations against cyberattackers? An ethical dilemma: cyber self-defense or cyber vigilante?","display_name":"Should the private sector conduct \u201chack back\u201d operations against cyberattackers? An ethical dilemma: cyber self-defense or cyber vigilante?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200035515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082351395","display_name":"YuLin Bingle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53276908","display_name":"Marymount University","ror":"https://ror.org/0008kv292","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53276908"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"YuLin Bingle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53276908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000570042","display_name":"Donna M. Schaeffer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53276908","display_name":"Marymount University","ror":"https://ror.org/0008kv292","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53276908"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donna Schaeffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology & Innovation, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology & Innovation, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53276908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082351395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53276908"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83136028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9379000067710876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberspace","display_name":"Cyberspace","score":0.8198038935661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-sector","display_name":"Private sector","score":0.6729838848114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.663637638092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.6055801510810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.50790935754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.45685580372810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.4452277719974518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4397010803222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3767583966255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3671032190322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.32534974813461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31819045543670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20575305819511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19153240323066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.18518272042274475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.8198038935661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.6729838848114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.663637638092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.6055801510810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.50790935754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.45685580372810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4452277719974518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4397010803222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3767583966255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3671032190322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32534974813461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31819045543670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20575305819511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19153240323066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.18518272042274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas52410.2021.9629186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3112691419","https://openalex.org/W3155944704","https://openalex.org/W2253247472","https://openalex.org/W4318466533","https://openalex.org/W2524411143","https://openalex.org/W4313402218","https://openalex.org/W3042793243","https://openalex.org/W2267650038","https://openalex.org/W4200035515","https://openalex.org/W2537983449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"cyber":[1,40,224],"ransomware":[2,43],"attacks":[3,44],"against":[4,45,110],"certain":[5],"sectors":[6],"of":[7,54,75,91,128,179,194,209],"the":[8,20,46,55,62,86,92,94,104,123,126,134,144,154,192,206],"U.S.":[9,63,181],"critical":[10],"infrastructure":[11],"and":[12,22,26,29,36,69,163,177,184,196,204,226],"key":[13],"resources":[14],"(CIKR)":[15],"show":[16],"just":[17],"how":[18],"vulnerable":[19],"ICS":[21],"SCADA\u2014industrial":[23],"control":[24,28],"system":[25],"supervisory":[27],"data":[30],"acquisition\u2014is":[31],"to":[32,82,88,107,118,125,146,150,202,243],"being":[33],"held":[34],"captive":[35],"manipulated":[37],"by":[38,217],"malicious":[39],"actors.":[41],"The":[42],"Colonial":[47],"Pipeline":[48],"Company":[49],"forced":[50],"a":[51],"six-day":[52],"shutdown":[53],"main":[56],"pipeline":[57],"that":[58,229],"supplied":[59],"fuel":[60,71],"on":[61],"East":[64],"Coast,":[65],"causing":[66],"public":[67],"concern":[68],"increased":[70],"prices.":[72],"Beyond":[73],"questions":[74],"whether":[76],"private":[77,105,115,135,174,210],"sector":[78,106,136,175,211],"companies":[79],"have":[80],"expertise":[81],"hack":[83,108,119,139,212,231,239],"back":[84,109,120,140,213,232,240],"or":[85,245],"ability":[87],"ascertain":[89],"attribution":[90],"attacker(s),":[93],"core":[95],"issue":[96],"we":[97],"should":[98],"consider:":[99],"is":[100],"it":[101],"ethical":[102,189,207,234],"for":[103],"cyberattackers?":[111],"Those":[112],"who":[113,132],"advocate":[114],"sectors\u2019":[116],"right":[117,127],"would":[121,142,172,200],"compare":[122],"actions":[124,145,152,159,214],"self-defense.":[129],"While":[130],"those":[131],"oppose":[133],"from":[137],"conducting":[138],"operations":[141,233,241],"link":[143],"be":[147],"more":[148],"akin":[149,242],"vigilante":[151,246],"in":[153,188,215,235],"physical":[155,227],"domain":[156,225],"which":[157],"are":[158,220,238],"involving":[160],"enforcement,":[161],"investigation,":[162],"punishment":[164],"without":[165],"legal":[166],"law":[167],"enforcement":[168],"authority.":[169],"This":[170,198],"research":[171,203],"benefit":[173],"owners":[176],"operators":[178],"CIKR,":[180],"government":[182],"policymakers,":[183],"academic":[185],"researchers":[186],"interested":[187],"issues":[190],"at":[191],"intersection":[193],"technology":[195],"cyberspace.":[197],"project":[199],"propose":[201],"examine":[205],"considerations":[208],"cyberspace":[216],"asking:":[218],"1)":[219],"there":[221],"differences":[222],"between":[223],"domains":[228],"make":[230],"cyberspace?":[236],"2)":[237],"self-defense":[244],"actions?":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}