{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998046266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas48451.2019.8937934","title":"The Price for Blowing the Whistle when Facing Ethical Dilemmas","display_name":"The Price for Blowing the Whistle when Facing Ethical Dilemmas","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998046266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas48451.2019.8937934","mag":"2998046266"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/istas48451.2019.8937934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas48451.2019.8937934","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074826169","display_name":"Subrata Ghoshroy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Subrata Ghoshroy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program in Science Technology and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program in Science Technology and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074826169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6161,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77979053,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9018999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9018999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.6502285003662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.6501772999763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6076958775520325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.5965805053710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-dilemma","display_name":"Ethical dilemma","score":0.5630800127983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5496087670326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morality","display_name":"Morality","score":0.5276649594306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pentagon","display_name":"Pentagon","score":0.5272685289382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.5079222321510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.5072945952415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-code","display_name":"Ethical code","score":0.45412319898605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-of-conduct","display_name":"Code of conduct","score":0.4370870590209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.4325792193412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4223254919052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-dilemma","display_name":"Moral dilemma","score":0.410264253616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.4050251245498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.33077090978622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3300706148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2806941866874695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23157620429992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12085646390914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.10802733898162842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.6502285003662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6501772999763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6076958775520325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.5965805053710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775890777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192568","display_name":"Ethical dilemma","level":2,"score":0.5630800127983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5496087670326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200113983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48324","display_name":"Morality","level":2,"score":0.5276649594306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127840","display_name":"Pentagon","level":2,"score":0.5272685289382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.5079222321510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.5072945952415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128268270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264133","display_name":"Ethical code","level":2,"score":0.45412319898605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119819","display_name":"Code of conduct","level":2,"score":0.4370870590209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4325792193412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4223254919052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994541713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192568","display_name":"Moral dilemma","level":2,"score":0.410264253616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4050251245498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.33077090978622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3300706148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2806941866874695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23157620429992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12085646390914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.10802733898162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/istas48451.2019.8937934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/istas48451.2019.8937934","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:3041908621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202002292642120014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306512817","display_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2506866618","https://openalex.org/W3204107481","https://openalex.org/W644089222","https://openalex.org/W1492705370","https://openalex.org/W2397729750","https://openalex.org/W4249945663","https://openalex.org/W2789741565","https://openalex.org/W1496907285","https://openalex.org/W2594469505","https://openalex.org/W2144950509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"engineers":[1],"and":[2,30,145,175],"scientists":[3],"join":[4],"the":[5,25,37,42,50,73,123,129,146,152,165,172,176],"defense":[6,107,132],"sector,":[7],"because":[8],"it":[9],"offers":[10],"well-paying":[11],"opportunities":[12],"to":[13,49,87,137,168,170],"work":[14,29,105],"on":[15,122,128],"challenging":[16],"technical":[17],"problems.":[18],"However,":[19],"some":[20],"face":[21],"ethical":[22,95,173],"dilemmas":[23],"about":[24],"nature":[26],"of":[27,66,75],"their":[28,76],"its":[31],"end":[32],"use.":[33],"Examples":[34],"range":[35],"from":[36],"Manhattan":[38],"Project":[39,53],"that":[40,57,84],"developed":[41],"atom":[43],"bomb":[44],"during":[45],"World":[46],"War":[47],"II,":[48],"more":[51],"recent":[52],"Maven":[54],"at":[55],"Google":[56],"used":[58],"artificial":[59],"intelligence":[60],"for":[61,151],"combat":[62],"drones.":[63],"In":[64],"both":[65],"these":[67],"cases,":[68],"several":[69],"project":[70],"participants":[71],"questioned":[72],"morality":[74],"work.":[77],"The":[78,134,157],"problem":[79],"in":[80,102,140],"most":[81],"cases":[82],"is":[83,98,160],"individuals":[85],"have":[86,112],"make":[88],"difficult":[89],"choices":[90],"alone":[91],"when":[92],"facing":[93],"an":[94,149],"dilemma.":[96],"There":[97],"very":[99],"little":[100],"choice":[101],"finding":[103],"alternative":[104],"since":[106],"organizations":[108],"do":[109],"not":[110],"typically":[111],"nondefense":[113],"projects.":[114],"This":[115],"paper":[116],"narrates":[117],"two":[118],"case":[119],"studies":[120],"drawing":[121],"author's":[124,138,166],"own":[125],"experience":[126,139],"working":[127],"Pentagon's":[130],"missile":[131],"program.":[133],"first":[135],"relates":[136],"a":[141],"laser":[142],"weapon":[143],"program":[144],"second,":[147],"as":[148],"investigator":[150],"US":[153],"Government":[154],"Accountability":[155],"Office.":[156],"research":[158],"methodology":[159],"strictly":[161],"narrative.":[162],"It":[163],"describes":[164],"efforts":[167],"bring":[169],"light":[171],"lapses":[174],"lessons":[177],"learned.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}