{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389990854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ist59124.2023.10355695","title":"Macula Swelling Detection using Retinal Fundus Images","display_name":"Macula Swelling Detection using Retinal Fundus Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389990854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ist59124.2023.10355695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ist59124.2023.10355695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ist59124.2023.10355695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102595021","display_name":"Rukham Mumtaz Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rukham Mumtaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology,Dept. of Computer Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan","Dept. of Computer Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology,Dept. of Computer Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113076350","display_name":"Fazal Saadat Ali Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["EE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazal Saadat Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology,Dept. of Information Security,Islamabad,Pakistan","University of Tartu,Dept. of Computer Science,Tartu,Estonia","Dept. of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology,Dept. of Information Security,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu,Dept. of Computer Science,Tartu,Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Information Security, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065733646","display_name":"Fauzia Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["EE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fauzia Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology,Dept. of Information Security,Islamabad,Pakistan","University of Tartu,Dept. of Computer Science,Tartu,Estonia","Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology,Dept. of Information Security,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu,Dept. of Computer Science,Tartu,Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104217197","display_name":"Rafia Hassan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafia Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bahria University,Dept. of Software Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan","Dept. of Software Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bahria University,Dept. of Software Engineering,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Software Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102595021"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32170098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.6993563175201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.6745238304138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.6675158143043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6235239505767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-macular-edema","display_name":"Diabetic macular edema","score":0.548560619354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5374954342842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.5365567207336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macular-edema","display_name":"Macular edema","score":0.528660774230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swelling","display_name":"Swelling","score":0.5051468014717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5016834735870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edema","display_name":"Edema","score":0.47881966829299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.4669068455696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4284178912639618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.427446186542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4162607789039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36362195014953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20031285285949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.12778055667877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.10054898262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.09659439325332642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.6993563175201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6745238304138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.6675158143043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6235239505767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985127711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic macular edema","level":4,"score":0.548560619354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5374954342842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5365567207336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780347916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813737","display_name":"Macular edema","level":3,"score":0.528660774230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778540859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234","display_name":"Swelling","level":2,"score":0.5051468014717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5016834735870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780886150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234","display_name":"Edema","level":2,"score":0.47881966829299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.4669068455696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4284178912639618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.427446186542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4162607789039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36362195014953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20031285285949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.12778055667877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.10054898262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09659439325332642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ist59124.2023.10355695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ist59124.2023.10355695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W2001457150","https://openalex.org/W2095006131","https://openalex.org/W2136856007","https://openalex.org/W2162698990","https://openalex.org/W2540782627","https://openalex.org/W2783257414","https://openalex.org/W2897437971","https://openalex.org/W2971148064","https://openalex.org/W2995731459","https://openalex.org/W3016949080","https://openalex.org/W3121708854","https://openalex.org/W4206383491","https://openalex.org/W4210826613","https://openalex.org/W4226325106","https://openalex.org/W4296903971","https://openalex.org/W4313480153","https://openalex.org/W4313561861","https://openalex.org/W4323363632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980571360","https://openalex.org/W3176448898","https://openalex.org/W4379115808","https://openalex.org/W3207986206","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W1979866946","https://openalex.org/W4226141369","https://openalex.org/W3081392993","https://openalex.org/W2413307231","https://openalex.org/W4361800274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0,9],"Macular":[1,19],"Edema":[2,20],"(DME)":[3,50],"is":[4,22,138],"an":[5,182],"advanced":[6],"symptom":[7],"of":[8,25,30,40,46,58,92,99,166,185,191,196],"Retinopathy":[10],"(DR)":[11],"and":[12,65,115,131,146,174,194],"can":[13],"lead":[14],"to":[15,72,88,118,162],"irreversible":[16],"vision":[17],"loss.":[18],"(ME)":[21],"the":[23,26,28,31,44,56,63,90,93,120,147,153,164,167],"swelling":[24,91],"macula,":[27],"part":[29],"eye":[32],"accountable":[33],"for":[34],"thorough":[35],"central":[36],"vision.":[37],"The":[38,95,135],"utilization":[39],"image":[41,105,110],"processing":[42],"in":[43,55,156],"detection":[45],"diabetic":[47],"macular":[48],"edema":[49],"plays":[51],"a":[52,81,189],"crucial":[53],"role":[54],"field":[57],"medical":[59,70],"imaging,":[60],"effectively":[61],"reducing":[62],"time":[64],"manual":[66],"effort":[67],"required":[68],"by":[69],"specialists":[71],"identify":[73],"this":[74,77],"disease.":[75],"In":[76],"paper,":[78],"we":[79],"proposed":[80,96,136,168,205],"method":[82,137,180,210],"that":[83],"uses":[84],"digital":[85],"fundus":[86],"images":[87],"analyze":[89],"macula.":[94],"algorithm":[97],"consists":[98],"four":[100],"steps,":[101],"i.e.,":[102,126,143,170],"(i)":[103],"retinal":[104,109],"dataset":[106,149],"collection,":[107],"(ii)":[108],"pre-processing,":[111],"(iii)":[112],"feature":[113],"extraction,":[114],"(iv)":[116],"classification":[117],"categorize":[119],"disease":[121],"into":[122],"three":[123,141,160],"different":[124],"stages,":[125],"normal,":[127],"stage":[128,132],"1":[129],"(mild)":[130],"2":[133],"(severe).":[134],"tested":[139],"on":[140],"databases,":[142],"MESSIDOR,":[144],"DMED,":[145],"local":[148,154],"AFIO":[150],"obtained":[151],"from":[152],"hospital":[155],"Pakistan.":[157],"We":[158,198],"use":[159],"parameters":[161],"check":[163],"validity":[165],"algorithm,":[169],"visual":[171],"inspection,":[172],"accuracy,":[173],"area":[175],"under":[176],"calculation":[177],"time.":[178],"Our":[179],"achieves":[181],"average":[183],"accuracy":[184],"96.07":[186],"%":[187,193],"with":[188,203],"sensitivity":[190],"93.74":[192],"specificity":[195],"97.32%.":[197],"also":[199],"compare":[200],"our":[201,209],"results":[202],"other":[204],"methods,":[206],"which":[207],"shows":[208],"performs":[211],"better.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
