{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2241715679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issre.2015.7381815","title":"How hard does mutation analysis have to be, anyway?","display_name":"How hard does mutation analysis have to be, anyway?","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2241715679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issre.2015.7381815","mag":"2241715679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/issre.2015.7381815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issre.2015.7381815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050311714","display_name":"Rahul Gopinath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-0930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Gopinath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Oregon State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090034689","display_name":"Mohammad Amin Alipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6479-7202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Alipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Oregon State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078115464","display_name":"Iftekhar Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8221-5352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iftekhar Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Oregon State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112052330","display_name":"Carlos Jensen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Oregon State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026932942","display_name":"Alex Groce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-4668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Groce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Oregon State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050311714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96312993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"216","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation-testing","display_name":"Mutation testing","score":0.8243955373764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.7256343960762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutant","display_name":"Mutant","score":0.6539285182952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6444576382637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6186483502388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.5761777758598328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination","display_name":"Sample size determination","score":0.5146552324295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation","display_name":"Mutation","score":0.47625279426574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraction","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","score":0.4738769233226776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-testing","display_name":"Software testing","score":0.4570290446281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4337957203388214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4269481897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3727591335773468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.3473081588745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31075727939605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24184489250183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19918110966682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1698872447013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.16309010982513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.15355202555656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.13797861337661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.09839671850204468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163565370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308623","display_name":"Mutation testing","level":4,"score":0.8243955373764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.7256343960762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143065580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695","display_name":"Mutant","level":3,"score":0.6539285182952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6444576382637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6186483502388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.5761777758598328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5146552324295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.47625279426574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4738769233226776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.4570290446281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4337957203388214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4269481897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3727591335773468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3473081588745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31075727939605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24184489250183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19918110966682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1698872447013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.16309010982513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.15355202555656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.13797861337661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.09839671850204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/issre.2015.7381815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issre.2015.7381815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116108159","https://openalex.org/W143162329","https://openalex.org/W1501076421","https://openalex.org/W1526416044","https://openalex.org/W1543852556","https://openalex.org/W1546908222","https://openalex.org/W1567503821","https://openalex.org/W1944155126","https://openalex.org/W1966030793","https://openalex.org/W1974149774","https://openalex.org/W1984701810","https://openalex.org/W1985726892","https://openalex.org/W1987389628","https://openalex.org/W1991999918","https://openalex.org/W1995804606","https://openalex.org/W1996596150","https://openalex.org/W2000767141","https://openalex.org/W2007970308","https://openalex.org/W2008228118","https://openalex.org/W2008479535","https://openalex.org/W2008675462","https://openalex.org/W2013711971","https://openalex.org/W2015995083","https://openalex.org/W2019368525","https://openalex.org/W2033140592","https://openalex.org/W2049695835","https://openalex.org/W2050254119","https://openalex.org/W2054751837","https://openalex.org/W2057745267","https://openalex.org/W2061781275","https://openalex.org/W2063068372","https://openalex.org/W2075592454","https://openalex.org/W2089961470","https://openalex.org/W2095878246","https://openalex.org/W2097599402","https://openalex.org/W2098639318","https://openalex.org/W2102742419","https://openalex.org/W2105832118","https://openalex.org/W2106072155","https://openalex.org/W2111960623","https://openalex.org/W2112537911","https://openalex.org/W2119283374","https://openalex.org/W2119885577","https://openalex.org/W2120990696","https://openalex.org/W2121213139","https://openalex.org/W2125727889","https://openalex.org/W2129761255","https://openalex.org/W2135937266","https://openalex.org/W2139763472","https://openalex.org/W2146408397","https://openalex.org/W2148646465","https://openalex.org/W2150290224","https://openalex.org/W2154897437","https://openalex.org/W2159192054","https://openalex.org/W2162406453","https://openalex.org/W2313581450","https://openalex.org/W2603684753","https://openalex.org/W2914201442","https://openalex.org/W3033035528","https://openalex.org/W3140636441","https://openalex.org/W4229850662","https://openalex.org/W4238681179","https://openalex.org/W4240520787","https://openalex.org/W4250890173","https://openalex.org/W6604672837","https://openalex.org/W6631368076","https://openalex.org/W6632449448","https://openalex.org/W6677103813","https://openalex.org/W6683421996","https://openalex.org/W6758568122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995023328","https://openalex.org/W2731612402","https://openalex.org/W2960013457","https://openalex.org/W1598160211","https://openalex.org/W2018145554","https://openalex.org/W1524028411","https://openalex.org/W2076609667","https://openalex.org/W2138059712","https://openalex.org/W1490208943","https://openalex.org/W2599144236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mutation":[0],"analysis":[1,25,152,162,226,233],"is":[2,32,50,145],"considered":[3],"the":[4,9,15,65,79,89,136,139,185,188,208,232],"best":[5,87],"method":[6,62],"for":[7,21,35,51,63,228],"measuring":[8],"adequacy":[10],"of":[11,17,47,53,67,81,91,97,109,112,141,153,171,184,187,204,210,219,234,236],"test":[12,18,69],"suites.":[13],"However,":[14,83],"number":[16,90],"runs":[19],"required":[20,93],"a":[22,44,61,68,95,113,167,179,197,201,216,224],"full":[23,180],"mutation":[24,181,225],"grows":[26,102],"faster":[27],"than":[28,43],"project":[29],"size,":[30,55],"which":[31,39,100],"not":[33],"feasible":[34],"real-world":[36],"software":[37],"projects,":[38],"often":[40,149],"have":[41,73,126],"more":[42],"million":[45],"lines":[46],"code.":[48],"It":[49],"projects":[52],"this":[54,156],"however,":[56],"that":[57,166,196,230],"developers":[58],"most":[59],"need":[60],"evaluating":[64],"efficacy":[66],"suite.":[70],"Various":[71],"strategies":[72,85],"been":[74,127],"proposed":[75,128],"to":[76,94,129,147,177,215],"deal":[77],"with":[78,103],"explosion":[80],"mutants.":[82,121,193,237],"these":[84],"at":[86],"reduce":[88],"mutants":[92,111,143,172,213],"fraction":[96,140],"overall":[98],"mutants,":[99,132],"still":[101],"program":[104,115,189],"size.":[105],"Running,":[106],"e.g.,":[107],"5%":[108],"all":[110],"2MLOC":[114],"usually":[116],"requires":[117],"analyzing":[118],"over":[119],"100,000":[120],"Similarly,":[122],"while":[123],"various":[124],"approaches":[125],"tackle":[130],"equivalent":[131,142],"none":[133],"completely":[134],"eliminate":[135],"problem,":[137],"and":[138,163,222],"remaining":[144,214],"hard":[146],"estimate,":[148],"requiring":[150],"manual":[151],"equivalence.":[154],"In":[155],"paper,":[157],"we":[158],"provide":[159,223],"both":[160],"theoretical":[161],"empirical":[164],"evidence":[165],"small":[168],"constant":[169,202],"sample":[170,203],"yields":[173],"statistically":[174],"similar":[175,198],"results":[176],"running":[178],"analysis,":[182],"regardless":[183],"size":[186],"or":[190],"similarity":[191],"between":[192],"We":[194],"show":[195],"approach,":[199],"using":[200],"inputs":[205],"can":[206],"estimate":[207],"degree":[209,218],"stubbornness":[211,235],"in":[212],"high":[217],"statistical":[220],"confidence,":[221],"framework":[227],"Python":[229],"incorporates":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}