{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2283237308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspit.2015.7394415","title":"Automatic license plate recognition: A comparative study","display_name":"Automatic license plate recognition: A comparative study","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2283237308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspit.2015.7394415","mag":"2283237308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isspit.2015.7394415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspit.2015.7394415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017364044","display_name":"Imran Shafiq Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imran Shafiq Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062831830","display_name":"Boubakeur Boufama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-5614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boubakeur Boufama","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052204924","display_name":"Pejman Habashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-4378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pejman Habashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102757513","display_name":"William Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7152-7549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cross Border Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cross Border Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046443961","display_name":"Tarik Elamsy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarik Elamsy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017364044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5324,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91305514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"635","last_page":"640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.8221909403800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.7140317559242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5818219780921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5426337122917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toll","display_name":"Toll","score":0.5323811769485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5299554467201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.43481189012527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3687846064567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3569624423980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.33992135524749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30004429817199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17804661393165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0993422269821167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.8221909403800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.7140317559242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5818219780921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5426337122917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.5323811769485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5299554467201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43481189012527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3687846064567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3569624423980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.33992135524749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30004429817199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17804661393165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0993422269821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isspit.2015.7394415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspit.2015.7394415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W256360934","https://openalex.org/W1498906741","https://openalex.org/W1535865917","https://openalex.org/W1797902062","https://openalex.org/W1837596131","https://openalex.org/W1970312724","https://openalex.org/W1975174385","https://openalex.org/W1992873413","https://openalex.org/W2027149353","https://openalex.org/W2030326191","https://openalex.org/W2075660460","https://openalex.org/W2088920913","https://openalex.org/W2098789383","https://openalex.org/W2102608210","https://openalex.org/W2106073265","https://openalex.org/W2120636275","https://openalex.org/W2121375553","https://openalex.org/W2123725958","https://openalex.org/W2131274191","https://openalex.org/W2134116786","https://openalex.org/W2135427434","https://openalex.org/W2135449683","https://openalex.org/W2140511609","https://openalex.org/W2140932732","https://openalex.org/W2158053132","https://openalex.org/W2171786422","https://openalex.org/W2538033411","https://openalex.org/W2543412760","https://openalex.org/W2543461915","https://openalex.org/W4248202654","https://openalex.org/W6632018952","https://openalex.org/W6683336470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2366272376","https://openalex.org/W2380843730","https://openalex.org/W2383632909","https://openalex.org/W641059199","https://openalex.org/W4255742352","https://openalex.org/W3107408305","https://openalex.org/W2358139408","https://openalex.org/W2049890555","https://openalex.org/W594340045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"license":[1],"plate":[2,13,68],"recognition":[3],"(ALPR)":[4],"is":[5,22,81],"the":[6,58],"process":[7],"of":[8,102,118],"locating":[9],"and":[10,35,48],"extracting":[11],"vehicles":[12,119],"information":[14,21],"from":[15,29,70,120],"images":[16],"or":[17,92],"videos.":[18],"The":[19],"extracted":[20],"essential":[23],"for":[24,57,89],"several":[25],"everyday":[26],"applications,":[27,43],"ranging":[28],"automated":[30],"payment":[31,38],"services":[32],"(e.g.":[33],"parking":[34],"toll":[36],"roads":[37],"collection)":[39],"to":[40,72,77],"more":[41],"critical":[42],"like":[44],"border":[45],"crossing":[46],"security":[47],"traffic":[49],"surveillance":[50],"systems.":[51],"Various":[52],"solutions":[53],"have":[54,98],"been":[55],"proposed":[56],"ALPR":[59,74,104],"problem,":[60],"with":[61],"many":[62],"available":[63],"commercial":[64],"packages.":[65],"However,":[66],"amid":[67],"variations":[69],"place":[71],"place,":[73],"systems":[75],"tend":[76],"be":[78],"region-specific.":[79],"There":[80],"no":[82],"general":[83],"solution":[84],"that":[85],"works":[86],"effectively":[87],"everywhere":[88],"every":[90],"province/state":[91],"country.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95],"paper,":[96],"we":[97],"reviewed":[99],"a":[100,115],"set":[101],"state-of-the-art":[103],"methods":[105],"and,":[106],"compared":[107],"their":[108],"respective":[109],"performances":[110],"by":[111],"testing":[112],"them":[113],"on":[114],"rich":[116],"database":[117],"Ontario":[121],"(Canada).":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}