{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163807810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspa.2010.5605415","title":"Analysis of ‘goat’ within user population of an offline signature biometrics","display_name":"Analysis of ‘goat’ within user population of an offline signature biometrics","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163807810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspa.2010.5605415","mag":"2163807810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isspa.2010.5605415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspa.2010.5605415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10th International Conference on Information Science, Signal Processing and their Applications (ISSPA 2010)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003834608","display_name":"Sharifah Mumtazah Syed Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-8451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharifah Mumtazah Syed Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060385295","display_name":"Asma Shakil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-3792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Shakil","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019932273","display_name":"Masyura Ahmad Faudzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2899-0336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masyura Ahmad Faudzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021536048","display_name":"Rina Md. Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6360-6320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rina Md. Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74454692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"765","last_page":"769"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.846005916595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.7473034262657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.652564287185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5728000402450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature-recognition","display_name":"Signature recognition","score":0.5037843585014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.4944612979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/menagerie","display_name":"Menagerie","score":0.4562860429286957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.44087615609169006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.42195719480514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42180347442626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34679490327835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32682639360427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21253308653831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19548189640045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15324026346206665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.846005916595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7473034262657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.652564287185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5728000402450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74370796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15924863","display_name":"Signature recognition","level":3,"score":0.5037843585014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.4944612979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780461518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401536","display_name":"Menagerie","level":2,"score":0.4562860429286957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44087615609169006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.42195719480514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42180347442626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34679490327835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32682639360427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21253308653831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19548189640045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15324026346206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isspa.2010.5605415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isspa.2010.5605415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10th International Conference on Information Science, Signal Processing and their Applications (ISSPA 2010)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168503743","https://openalex.org/W1533303231","https://openalex.org/W1593752541","https://openalex.org/W1886500149","https://openalex.org/W2006414815","https://openalex.org/W2095612353","https://openalex.org/W2116318877","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2126823869","https://openalex.org/W2127551029","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2150453977","https://openalex.org/W4239271721","https://openalex.org/W6606787661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314627715","https://openalex.org/W2129312524","https://openalex.org/W2002836168","https://openalex.org/W3213304460","https://openalex.org/W2612421037","https://openalex.org/W2110905250","https://openalex.org/W1532125613","https://openalex.org/W3109336838","https://openalex.org/W2091732902","https://openalex.org/W2139474808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intra":[0],"-":[1],"user":[2,76,86,184],"variability":[3,77],"inherent":[4],"in":[5,33,83,89],"human":[6],"handwritten":[7],"signatures":[8,180],"remains":[9,91],"one":[10],"of":[11,25,28,73,80,95,113,121,154,181],"the":[12,34,47,52,61,71,74,81,84,92,106,111,179],"main":[13],"challenges":[14],"for":[15,136,162],"a":[16,26,57,119,122,182],"robust":[17],"biometrics":[18,48],"signature":[19,38,127,138],"based":[20,117,143],"authentication":[21],"system.":[22],"The":[23,165],"existence":[24],"subset":[27],"users":[29],"classified":[30],"as":[31],"`goats'":[32,82],"Doddington's":[35],"menagerie":[36],"whose":[37],"samples":[39],"are":[40,134,160],"highly":[41],"inconsistent":[42],"and":[43,78,109,157,159],"often":[44],"rejected":[45],"by":[46,55],"system":[49,53,140],"may":[50],"degrade":[51],"accuracy":[54],"contributing":[56],"large":[58],"portion":[59],"to":[60,104,177],"False":[62],"Rejection":[63],"Rate":[64],"(FRR).":[65],"However,":[66],"little":[67],"is":[68,102,142,168,175],"known":[69],"on":[70,118,144,171],"level":[72],"intra":[75],"percentage":[79],"overall":[85,166],"population,":[87],"which":[88,141,174],"turns":[90],"prime":[93],"focus":[94],"this":[96],"paper.":[97],"An":[98],"HMM-based":[99],"computational":[100],"approach":[101],"used":[103],"build":[105],"reference":[107],"model":[108],"verify":[110],"authenticity":[112],"an":[114],"input":[115],"sample":[116],"series":[120],"local":[123,147],"feature":[124],"extracted":[125],"from":[126],"images.":[128],"Here,":[129],"four":[130,145],"different":[131,146],"goat":[132],"populations":[133],"identified":[135],"offline":[137],"biometric":[139],"features":[148],"(":[149],"namely":[150],"pixel":[151],"density,":[152],"centre":[153],"gravity,":[155],"angle,":[156],"distance)":[158],"analysed":[161],"their":[163],"co-relationship.":[164],"analysis":[167],"carried":[169],"out":[170],"Sigma":[172],"database":[173],"compiled":[176],"reflect":[178],"target":[183],"population.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}