{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982401327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2013.6529845","title":"Low-power appliance monitoring using Factorial Hidden Markov Models","display_name":"Low-power appliance monitoring using Factorial Hidden Markov Models","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982401327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2013.6529845","mag":"1982401327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/issnip.2013.6529845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2013.6529845","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089174765","display_name":"Ahmed Zoha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7497-9336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Zoha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007442814","display_name":"Alex Gluhak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Gluhak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047163129","display_name":"Michele Nati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9790-019X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Nati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089174765"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7576,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96279231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"527","last_page":"532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8548650145530701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.7671915292739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.72454833984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.52972811460495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5291414856910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5240752100944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5022516250610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4775739014148712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4400829076766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4140866994857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.34877723455429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29897987842559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.20635125041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1737632155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07575884461402893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8548650145530701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7671915292739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.72454833984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.52972811460495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5291414856910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5240752100944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5022516250610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4775739014148712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4400829076766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4140866994857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34877723455429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29897987842559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.20635125041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1737632155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07575884461402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/issnip.2013.6529845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2013.6529845","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11139707020002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:136755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/46845.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:809755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/809755/1/ISSNIP_13_AhmedZoha.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1001625194","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I000232/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528056001","https://openalex.org/W1542318146","https://openalex.org/W2010314082","https://openalex.org/W2025423356","https://openalex.org/W2047861906","https://openalex.org/W2059774060","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2146298203","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W6632399783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032843702","https://openalex.org/W2802304858","https://openalex.org/W2039473210","https://openalex.org/W2118728396","https://openalex.org/W2564659080","https://openalex.org/W2350115929","https://openalex.org/W1760086722","https://openalex.org/W2111983527","https://openalex.org/W3198325252","https://openalex.org/W2160448643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,80],"optimize":[1],"the":[2,75,82,101,124,136,140,171],"energy":[3,6],"utilization,":[4],"intelligent":[5],"management":[7],"solutions":[8],"require":[9],"appliance-specific":[10],"consumption":[11,48],"statistics.":[12],"One":[13],"can":[14,41,53,134],"obtain":[15,57],"such":[16,63],"information":[17],"by":[18],"deploying":[19],"smart":[20],"power":[21,97,126],"outlets":[22],"on":[23],"every":[24],"device":[25,146],"of":[26,77,84,95,103,107,139,151,187],"interest,":[27],"however":[28],"it":[29,66,143],"incurs":[30],"extra":[31],"hardware":[32],"cost":[33],"and":[34,49,155],"installation":[35],"complexity.":[36],"Alternatively,":[37],"a":[38,64,90,104,180],"single":[39],"sensor":[40],"be":[42,54],"used":[43],"to":[44,56,70,117,144],"measure":[45],"total":[46],"electricity":[47],"thereafter":[50],"disaggregation":[51,137],"algorithms":[52],"applied":[55],"appliance":[58,86,119,188],"specific":[59,120],"usage":[60],"information.":[61],"In":[62,176],"case,":[65],"is":[67],"quite":[68],"challenging":[69],"discern":[71],"low-power":[72,85],"appliances":[73],"in":[74],"presence":[76],"high-power":[78],"loads.":[79],"improve":[81,135],"recognition":[83],"states,":[87],"we":[88,129,163,178],"propose":[89],"solution":[91,167],"that":[92,131,165,183],"makes":[93],"use":[94,102],"circuit-level":[96],"measurements.":[98,127],"We":[99],"examine":[100],"specialized":[105],"variant":[106],"Hidden":[108],"Markov":[109],"Model":[110],"(HMM)":[111],"known":[112],"as":[113],"Factorial":[114],"HMM":[115],"(FHMM)":[116],"recognize":[118],"load":[121],"patterns":[122],"from":[123],"aggregated":[125],"Further,":[128],"demonstrate":[130],"feature":[132],"concatenation":[133],"performance":[138],"model":[141],"allowing":[142],"identify":[145],"states":[147],"with":[148],"an":[149],"accuracy":[150],"90%":[152],"for":[153,157],"binary":[154],"80%":[156],"multi-state":[158],"appliances.":[159],"Through":[160],"experimental":[161],"evaluations,":[162],"show":[164],"our":[166],"performs":[168],"better":[169],"than":[170],"traditional":[172],"event":[173],"based":[174],"approach.":[175],"addition,":[177],"develop":[179],"prototype":[181],"system":[182],"allows":[184],"real-time":[185],"monitoring":[186],"states.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}