{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211202342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isse51541.2021.9582542","title":"Evaluating System Architecture Safety in Early Phases of Development with MBSE and STPA","display_name":"Evaluating System Architecture Safety in Early Phases of Development with MBSE and STPA","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211202342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isse51541.2021.9582542","mag":"3211202342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isse51541.2021.9582542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isse51541.2021.9582542","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038638605","display_name":"Alexander Ahlbrecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6646-776X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Ahlbrecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Flight Systems German Aerospace Center (DLR), Brunswick, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Flight Systems German Aerospace Center (DLR), Brunswick, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051767461","display_name":"Oliver Bertram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7732-9280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Bertram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Flight Systems German Aerospace Center (DLR), Brunswick, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Flight Systems German Aerospace Center (DLR), Brunswick, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038638605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81145065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.737999677658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5975220799446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5898492336273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5866329073905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-architecture","display_name":"Systems architecture","score":0.5467944145202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.5411157011985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-safety","display_name":"System safety","score":0.48922014236450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-critical-system","display_name":"Life-critical system","score":0.4436453878879547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture-description-language","display_name":"Architecture description language","score":0.4263862073421478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-safety","display_name":"Functional safety","score":0.41212621331214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterprise-architecture-framework","display_name":"Enterprise architecture framework","score":0.3960704505443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.38678494095802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35642653703689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29720693826675415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.737999677658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5975220799446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5898492336273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5866329073905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.5467944145202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.5411157011985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132835097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663745","display_name":"System safety","level":2,"score":0.48922014236450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163707989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1996307","display_name":"Life-critical system","level":3,"score":0.4436453878879547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185245429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362356","display_name":"Architecture description language","level":5,"score":0.4263862073421478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148493468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2646951","display_name":"Functional safety","level":2,"score":0.41212621331214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27591593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4380897","display_name":"Enterprise architecture framework","level":4,"score":0.3960704505443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.38678494095802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35642653703689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29720693826675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isse51541.2021.9582542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isse51541.2021.9582542","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:148343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSE51541.2021.9582542>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W225146778","https://openalex.org/W1427890894","https://openalex.org/W2034251413","https://openalex.org/W2084310557","https://openalex.org/W2478151133","https://openalex.org/W2489392042","https://openalex.org/W2916788648","https://openalex.org/W3212507206","https://openalex.org/W4253777588","https://openalex.org/W6803848470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2251305075","https://openalex.org/W4322705767","https://openalex.org/W2358743281","https://openalex.org/W2394790867","https://openalex.org/W1482374063","https://openalex.org/W2498641707","https://openalex.org/W4205268586","https://openalex.org/W2018543553","https://openalex.org/W2618096218","https://openalex.org/W2586209543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"segments":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"autonomous":[4],"driving":[5],"require":[6],"new":[7],"by-wire":[8],"system":[9,16,80,101],"architectures":[10,17],"for":[11,34,138],"steering":[12],"and":[13,21,119,154],"braking.":[14],"These":[15],"are":[18],"highly":[19],"safety-critical":[20],"currently":[22],"not":[23],"commonly":[24],"used":[25],"in":[26,32,49,66,134],"the":[27,130],"automotive":[28],"industry.":[29],"This":[30,99],"results":[31],"challenges":[33],"traditional":[35],"development":[36],"approaches.":[37],"One":[38],"issue":[39],"is":[40,46,59,83,113,132,147],"that":[41,145],"a":[42,57,72,88,94,106,139],"well-thought-out":[43],"architecture":[44,69,81,136,160],"selection":[45],"already":[47],"required":[48],"early":[50,77],"phases":[51],"of":[52,64,79,87],"development.":[53],"Within":[54],"this":[55,67,126],"paper,":[56],"concept":[58],"proposed":[60],"to":[61,149,157],"help":[62],"consideration":[63,78],"safety":[65,73,82,117,120,127,152],"timely":[68],"selection,":[70],"using":[71],"trade-off":[74],"concept.":[75],"An":[76],"achieved":[84],"by":[85],"utilization":[86],"formalized":[89],"System-Theoretic":[90],"Process":[91],"Analysis":[92],"on":[93],"Systems":[95],"Modeling":[96],"Language":[97],"model.":[98],"underlying":[100],"model":[102],"was":[103],"developed":[104],"with":[105],"Model-based":[107],"System":[108],"Engineering":[109],"approach.":[110],"Additionally,":[111],"it":[112,146],"explained":[114],"how":[115],"classical":[116],"considerations":[118],"principles":[121],"can":[122],"be":[123],"integrated":[124],"into":[125],"trade-off.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"approach":[131],"demonstrated":[133],"an":[135],"comparison":[137],"simplified":[140],"Steer-by-Wire":[141],"architecture.":[142],"Results":[143],"show":[144],"possible":[148],"find":[150],"relevant":[151],"requirements":[153],"use":[155],"them":[156],"compare":[158],"solution":[159],"candidates.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-24T23:23:39.755997","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}