{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408183209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904723","title":"21.5 A Fully Integrated Multi-Phase Voltage Regulator with Enhanced Light-Load-Efficiency Peak of 86%, Featuring an Autonomous Mode Transition from Hard-Switching to Soft-Switching to Discontinuous Conduction Mode in 3nm FinFET CMOS","display_name":"21.5 A Fully Integrated Multi-Phase Voltage Regulator with Enhanced Light-Load-Efficiency Peak of 86%, Featuring an Autonomous Mode Transition from Hard-Switching to Soft-Switching to Discontinuous Conduction Mode in 3nm FinFET CMOS","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408183209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904723","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027701946","display_name":"Kishan Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5483-0761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kishan Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Santa Clara,CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Santa Clara,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112025022","display_name":"Avinash Bhat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avinash Shreepathi Bhat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009883377","display_name":"Christopher Schaef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-0406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Schaef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101743969","display_name":"Keng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3712-9345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330254920","display_name":"Hudson Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/014n3ck53","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hudson,MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hudson,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920","https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009831760","display_name":"Edward A. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5663-0584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116535542","display_name":"Yura Kocharyan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yura Kocharyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Santa Clara,CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Santa Clara,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116535543","display_name":"Ajay Janardanan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajay Janardanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dinesh Ganta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinesh Ganta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100737183","display_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-4261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330254920","display_name":"Hudson Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/014n3ck53","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hudson,MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hudson,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920","https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029573621","display_name":"M. Geppert","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Geppert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088928177","display_name":"Prescott H. McLaughlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4943-3275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prescott Mclaughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Santa Clara,CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Santa Clara,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077021882","display_name":"Arvind Raghavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5260-1353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Raghavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Santa Clara,CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Santa Clara,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023497687","display_name":"Sivaraman Masilamani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330254920","display_name":"Hudson Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/014n3ck53","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sivaraman Masilamani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hudson,MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hudson,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920","https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083366406","display_name":"Syed Sadique Anwer Askari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1562-0969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Askari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013006026","display_name":"Kelly Livingston","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelly Livingston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel,Hillsboro,OR"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,Hillsboro,OR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027701946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67570182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"382","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.6562433838844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.599295973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5346099138259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.47667908668518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conduction","display_name":"Thermal conduction","score":0.4680017828941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulator","display_name":"Regulator","score":0.42775899171829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4223838746547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.35976362228393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24780356884002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23484420776367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1699671447277069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16915631294250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07852813601493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.06440070271492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.06402420997619629}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.6562433838844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.599295973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5346099138259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.47667908668518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172100665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7465774","display_name":"Thermal conduction","level":2,"score":0.4680017828941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6929976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771881","display_name":"Regulator","level":3,"score":0.42775899171829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4223838746547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.35976362228393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24780356884002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23484420776367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1699671447277069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16915631294250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07852813601493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.06440070271492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.06402420997619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904723","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005442397","https://openalex.org/W2593999461","https://openalex.org/W2922307880","https://openalex.org/W3184850957","https://openalex.org/W3189755474","https://openalex.org/W4220769636"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354064740","https://openalex.org/W2389923937","https://openalex.org/W2380273283","https://openalex.org/W2386858378","https://openalex.org/W2347280302","https://openalex.org/W2369640577","https://openalex.org/W1849276116","https://openalex.org/W2363047424","https://openalex.org/W1571263303","https://openalex.org/W2389443558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern-day":[0],"computing":[1],"systems":[2,96],"demand":[3],"a":[4,21],"lot":[5],"of":[6,28,34,55,177],"power,":[7],"especially":[8],"driven":[9],"by":[10,81],"AI":[11],"workloads.":[12],"With":[13],"an":[14,121],"explosion":[15],"in":[16,24,126,165,183],"data":[17,73,89],"size,":[18],"there":[19],"is":[20,79,120],"corresponding":[22,104],"increase":[23],"the":[25,52,103,146,151,154,175],"current":[26,69,185],"consumption":[27,78,107],"SoCs,":[29],"which":[30,60],"can":[31,61,113],"reach":[32],"hundreds":[33],"Amperes":[35],"[1]\u2013[2].":[36],"This":[37],"creates":[38],"some":[39],"unique":[40,53],"challenges":[41],"for":[42,124],"power":[43,58,94,106,118,132],"delivery":[44,95,133],"systems.":[45],"Fully":[46],"integrated":[47],"voltage":[48],"regulators":[49],"(FIVRs)":[50],"provide":[51],"benefit":[54],"highly":[56],"localized":[57],"delivery,":[59],"help":[62],"mitigate":[63],"supply":[64],"droop":[65,152],"events":[66],"and":[67,86,167,180],"address":[68],"surges":[70],"[3]\u2013[7].":[71],"For":[72],"center":[74],"applications,":[75],"average":[76],"energy":[77],"affected":[80],"both":[82],"peak":[83,117],"power-hungry":[84],"modes":[85],"idle":[87,105,141],"low-power":[88],"retention":[90],"states.":[91],"When":[92],"these":[93],"are":[97],"scaled":[98],"to":[99],"support":[100],"larger":[101],"workloads,":[102],"scales":[108],"accordingly.":[109],"From":[110],"this,":[111],"we":[112],"surmise":[114],"that":[115],"while":[116],"efficiency":[119,138,182],"important":[122],"metric":[123],"FIVRs,":[125],"recent":[127],"days,":[128],"FIVRs":[129],"or":[130,150],"any":[131],"system":[134],"must":[135],"maintain":[136],"high":[137,184],"even":[139],"at":[140],"load":[142],"conditions":[143],"without":[144],"impacting":[145],"overall":[147],"transient":[148],"response":[149],"on":[153],"output.":[155],"Prior":[156],"work":[157],"toward":[158],"achieving":[159],"this":[160,173],"includes":[161],"forcing":[162],"regulator":[163],"operation":[164],"soft-switching":[166],"Discontinuous":[168],"Conduction":[169],"Modes":[170],"(DCM);":[171],"however,":[172],"has":[174],"disadvantage":[176],"higher":[178],"ripple":[179],"lower":[181],"draw":[186],"scenarios":[187],"[3],":[188],"[7].":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}