{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408182508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904703","title":"23.4 Nebula: A 28nm 109.8TOPS/W 3D PNN Accelerator Featuring Adaptive Partition, Multi-Skipping, and Block-Wise Aggregation","display_name":"23.4 Nebula: A 28nm 109.8TOPS/W 3D PNN Accelerator Featuring Adaptive Partition, Multi-Skipping, and Block-Wise Aggregation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408182508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904703","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088778898","display_name":"Changchun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3968-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changchun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032752783","display_name":"Tsung-Hui Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9582-8438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianling Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013229709","display_name":"Yue Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-4455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhe Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055491561","display_name":"Yuzhe Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-0278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhe Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001933681","display_name":"Xinli Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1828-6097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjie Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045175557","display_name":"Shaobo Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9059-5858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108033469","display_name":"Jiacong Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1953-0178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiacong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018435854","display_name":"Min Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3427-3599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447691","display_name":"Ge Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-0949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101585746","display_name":"Yifan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8664-037X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reconova Technologies,Xiamen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reconova Technologies,Xiamen,China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057584787","display_name":"Yuchao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-4059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042636120","display_name":"Hailong Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2815-6168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128628","display_name":"Peking University Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkjyb15","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailong Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088778898"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128628"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79171182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"412","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.6046777367591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5964572429656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5560890436172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3283136487007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12222790718078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.07017111778259277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.6046777367591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5964572429656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5560890436172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3283136487007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12222790718078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.07017111778259277}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904703","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6048602789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61925401,92064004,62474010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G727503576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB4502200,2023YFB4502802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334944","display_name":"Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1920022804","https://openalex.org/W2460657278","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2963125977","https://openalex.org/W2963182550","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W3035002114","https://openalex.org/W3089947940","https://openalex.org/W3091236178","https://openalex.org/W3104006012","https://openalex.org/W3184856857","https://openalex.org/W3206429150","https://openalex.org/W4220673022","https://openalex.org/W4281750320","https://openalex.org/W4285184065","https://openalex.org/W4286571907","https://openalex.org/W4360606209","https://openalex.org/W4386763681","https://openalex.org/W4389162751","https://openalex.org/W4391697014","https://openalex.org/W4396918030","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6810249204","https://openalex.org/W6839446344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-dimensional":[0],"(3D)":[1],"point":[2,98,114,136,209],"clouds":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"deployed":[6],"across":[7],"various":[8],"emerging":[9],"fields,":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,89,167,169,211],"autonomous":[13],"driving,":[14],"robots,":[15],"drones,":[16],"and":[17,44,59,104,151,174,182,218],"virtual":[18],"reality":[19],"(VR)":[20],"[1]\u2013[6].":[21],"Point-based":[22],"point-cloud":[23,33],"neural":[24,47],"networks":[25,41,48],"(PNNs)":[26],"[3]\u2013[6]":[27],"have":[28,76],"demonstrated":[29],"superior":[30],"performance":[31],"in":[32,67,86,91,109,155,160,190,200],"analysis,":[34],"compared":[35],"to":[36,52,125,132,228],"both":[37,147],"sparse":[38],"3D":[39],"convolution-based":[40],"[7],":[42],"[8]":[43],"graph-based":[45],"convolutional":[46],"[9],":[49],"[10].":[50],"Due":[51],"the":[53,161,191,212,219,229,235],"high":[54],"computational":[55],"complexity,":[56],"low":[57],"parallelism,":[58],"frequent":[60],"irregular":[61,187],"external":[62,213],"memory":[63,188,214],"accesses,":[64],"deploying":[65],"PNNs":[66],"hardware":[68,74],"is":[69,205,224],"a":[70,127,133],"great":[71],"challenge.":[72],"PNN":[73],"accelerators":[75],"been":[77],"developed":[78],"[11]\u2013[20].":[79],"However,":[80],"three":[81],"key":[82],"challenges":[83],"remain":[84],"unsolved":[85],"these":[87],"accelerators,":[88],"illustrated":[90],"Fig.":[92],"23.4.1.":[93],"1)":[94],"The":[95,116,186],"inherent":[96],"farthest":[97],"sampling":[99,162],"(FPS)":[100],"features":[101,217,233],"serial":[102],"computation":[103],"suffers":[105],"from":[106],"quadratic":[107],"growth":[108],"inference":[110],"latency":[111,183,196],"with":[112],"rising":[113],"counts.":[115],"existing":[117],"uniform":[118],"block-wise":[119],"FPS":[120],"techniques":[121],"[13],":[122],"[21]":[123],"fail":[124],"achieve":[126],"well-balanced":[128],"block":[129],"segmentation,":[130],"due":[131,227],"typically":[134],"non-uniform":[135],"distribution.":[137],"2)":[138],"A":[139],"large":[140],"amount":[141],"of":[142,164,216,232],"redundant":[143],"operations":[144,158,163],"exist":[145,159],"for":[146,177,207],"discarded":[148],"points":[149,153],"(DPs)":[150],"retained":[152],"(RPs)":[154],"FPS.":[156],"These":[157],"RPs":[165],"\u2460":[166],"well":[168],"grouping":[170],"\u2461":[171],"convolution":[172],"\u2462,":[173],"aggregation":[175,192,199],"\u2463":[176],"DPs,":[178],"introducing":[179],"unnecessary":[180],"energy":[181],"costs.":[184],"3)":[185],"accesses":[189],"operation":[193],"cause":[194],"significant":[195],"penalties.":[197],"Channel-wise":[198],"[11]":[201],"relieves":[202],"irregularity,":[203],"yet":[204],"unsuitable":[206],"large-scale":[208],"clouds,":[210],"access":[215],"neighbor":[220],"index":[221],"table":[222],"(NIT)":[223],"quadratically":[225],"increased":[226],"iterative":[230],"loading":[231],"or":[234],"NIT.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}