{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408182754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904606","title":"14.2 A 16nm 216kb, 188.4TOPS/W and 133.5TFLOPS/W Microscaling Multi-Mode Gain-Cell CIM Macro Edge-AI Devices","display_name":"14.2 A 16nm 216kb, 188.4TOPS/W and 133.5TFLOPS/W Microscaling Multi-Mode Gain-Cell CIM Macro Edge-AI Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408182754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904606","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083012416","display_name":"Win-San Khwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-3564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Win-San Khwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078883908","display_name":"Ping-Chun Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping-Chun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028204530","display_name":"Jian-Wei Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Wei Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104257199","display_name":"Chiao-Yen Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiao-Yen Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109900627","display_name":"Junming Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun-Ming Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114091082","display_name":"Yu-Chen Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080026754","display_name":"Linda Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-1567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le-Jung Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101894897","display_name":"Jingfeng Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-3067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyun-Cheng Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075726884","display_name":"Y. Kao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8010-4007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Sheng Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110700064","display_name":"Tsung-Han Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Han Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040695095","display_name":"Ashwin Sanjay Lele","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334877674","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rvfjx92","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334877674","https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashwin Sanjay Lele","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC Corporate Research,San Jose,CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC Corporate Research,San Jose,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334877674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102085839","display_name":"Jui-Jen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jui-Jen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056864469","display_name":"James S. T\u2019ien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4469-1133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jen-Chun Tien","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030409860","display_name":"Chung\u2010Chuan Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-7250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Chuan Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007060812","display_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-4955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052910427","display_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044259295","display_name":"Kea\u2010Tiong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kea-Tiong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225287","display_name":"Meng\u2010Fan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Fan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083012416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6207,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98562993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6437386274337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.6403435468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.6402198672294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44609880447387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18850815296173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11393073201179504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6437386274337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.6403435468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.6402198672294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44609880447387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18850815296173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11393073201179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904606","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322589","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005865544","https://openalex.org/W2792081355","https://openalex.org/W3133754064","https://openalex.org/W3172967059","https://openalex.org/W4220990849","https://openalex.org/W4360605703","https://openalex.org/W4360605785","https://openalex.org/W4360606196","https://openalex.org/W4380874652","https://openalex.org/W4392739417","https://openalex.org/W4392746404","https://openalex.org/W6760218904","https://openalex.org/W6809600860","https://openalex.org/W6871500028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2030816003","https://openalex.org/W4239992647","https://openalex.org/W2150013480","https://openalex.org/W1554458299","https://openalex.org/W81423522","https://openalex.org/W1509860481","https://openalex.org/W2488264085"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"evolution":[1],"of":[2,29,44,156,199,376,385],"AI":[3],"workloads":[4],"demands":[5],"ever":[6],"higher":[7,38,50,264],"resolutions,":[8],"multiple":[9,197],"data-format":[10],"compatibility,":[11],"and":[12,52,55,69,90,140,152,162,170,230,241,266,270,284,299,333,366,381],"high-energy":[13,138],"efficiency":[14,268],"(EEF).":[15],"Integer":[16],"(INT)":[17],"CIM":[18,111,182,209,235,311],"macros":[19,112],"[1]\u2013[13],":[20],"[24]":[21],"enable":[22],"high-EEF":[23,130],"MAC":[24,133,223],"operations":[25,345],"at":[26,41],"the":[27,42,65,87,103,157,166,234,290],"cost":[28,43],"limited":[30],"accuracy.":[31],"Floating-point":[32],"(FP)":[33],"CI":[34],"Ms":[35],"[14]\u2013[21]":[36],"provide":[37],"accuracy":[39,68],"but":[40],"reduced":[45],"EEF":[46,70,265,375,384],"due":[47,135],"to":[48,136,181,236,252,295],"a":[49,73,80,93,176,213,246,260,278,285],"bit-width":[51,95],"complex":[53],"pre-":[54],"post-operation":[56],"normalization.":[57],"Emerging":[58],"microscaling":[59],"(MX)":[60],"data":[61,105,146,173,239,274,281],"formats":[62],"[22]\u2013[23]":[63],"improve":[64],"tradeoff":[66],"between":[67],"by":[71,165],"employing":[72],"shared-scale":[74],"(SS)":[75],"factor":[76],"across":[77,196],"k-elements":[78],"within":[79,233],"block;":[81],"thereby,":[82],"allowing":[83],"precise":[84],"control":[85],"over":[86],"dynamic":[88],"range":[89],"resolution":[91],"with":[92,117,220,263,324,346,359],"low":[94],"for":[96,189,256,330,350,363],"high":[97],"EEF.":[98],"Application-level":[99],"metrics":[100],"indicate":[101],"that":[102,113],"optimal":[104],"format":[106],"is":[107,312],"workload-dependent,":[108],"necessitating":[109],"novel":[110],"integrate":[114],"MX":[115],"hardware":[116,297],"FP-INT":[118],"processing.":[119],"As":[120],"shown":[121],"in":[122,128,378,387],"Fig.":[123],"14.2.1,":[124],"CIMs":[125],"face":[126],"challenges":[127],"achieving":[129],"multi-mode":[131,208,214,308],"(MX-INT-FP)":[132],"operations;":[134],"(1)":[137,212],"consumption":[139,164,255],"system":[141],"area":[142,161,262,267],"overhead":[143],"from":[144],"system-to-CIM":[145,238],"transfers,":[147],"including":[148],"FP-to-MX":[149],"conversion":[150],"(FP2MX)":[151],"SS":[153,231],"processing":[154,217,232],"outside":[155],"CIM;":[158],"(2)":[159,245],"significant":[160],"energy":[163,254,302],"adder":[167,249],"tree":[168,250],"(ADT);":[169],"(3)":[171,271],"inefficient":[172],"transfers":[174,240],"along":[175],"single":[177],"write":[178,282],"path,":[179],"i.e.":[180],"memory":[183],"(MEM)":[184],"or":[185],"ALU":[186],"buffer":[187],"(BUF),":[188],"various":[190],"accumulation":[191],"sizes":[192],"<tex":[193,292,327,347,360],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[194,293,328,348,361],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathrm{N}_{\\text{CH}})$</tex>":[195],"layers":[198],"neural-network":[200],"(NN)":[201],"models.":[202],"This":[203,320,370],"paper":[204],"presents":[205],"an":[206,221,272,373,382],"MX-INT-FP":[207,307],"(M2-CIM)":[210],"featuring:":[211],"input":[215],"(IN)":[216],"unit":[218],"(M2-IPU)":[219],"SS-variance-aware":[222],"flow":[224,275,287],"(SS-VAF),":[225],"which":[226,336],"enables":[227],"both":[228],"FP2MX":[229],"eliminate":[237],"reduce":[242,253,300],"compute":[243,286],"energy;":[244],"pattern-aware":[247],"hybrid":[248],"(PAH-ADT)":[251],"high-probability":[257],"IN-patterns":[258],"using":[259,314],"smaller":[261],"(AEF);":[269],"accumulation-aware":[273],"(A2-DF),":[276],"supporting":[277],"dynamically":[279],"reconfigurable":[280],"path":[283],"based":[288],"on":[289],"workload":[291],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{N}_{\\text{CH}}$</tex>":[294],"enhance":[296],"flexibility":[298],"data-transfer":[301],"consumption.":[303],"A":[304],"16nm":[305],"216kb":[306],"gain-cell":[309],"(GC)":[310],"fabricated":[313],"compact-area":[315],"3.x":[316],"transistors":[317],"(3.xT)":[318],"GCs.":[319],"design":[321],"supports":[322],"MX-MACs":[323],"128":[325],"accumulations":[326],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathrm{N}_{\\text{ACCU}})$</tex>":[329],"MXFP8/MXINT8":[331],"INs":[332],"weights":[334],"(W),":[335],"generate":[337],"FP32":[338],"outputs":[339],"(OUT).":[340],"Also":[341],"supported":[342],"are":[343],"FP-MAC":[344,383],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{N}_{\\text{ACCU}}=128/64/64$</tex>":[349],"FP8/FP16/BF16":[351],"Nand":[352],"Wand":[353],"FP32-0UT,":[354],"as":[355,357],"well":[356],"INT-MACs":[358],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{N}_{\\text{ACCU}}=128$</tex>":[362],"4/8b":[364],"IN":[365],"W,":[367],"generating":[368],"15/23b-OUT.":[369],"M2-CIM":[371],"achieves":[372],"MX-MAC":[374],"133.5TFLOPS/W":[377],"MXINT8":[379],"mode":[380],"91.9TFLOPS/W":[386],"BF16":[388],"mode.":[389]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}