{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408182526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904566","title":"34.5 An 18.5-to-23.6GHz Quad-Core Class-F <sub>23</sub> Oscillator Without 2nd/3rd Harmonic Tuning Achieving 193dBc/Hz Peak FoM and 140-to-250kHz 1/f <sup>3</sup> PN Corner in 65nm CMOS","display_name":"34.5 An 18.5-to-23.6GHz Quad-Core Class-F <sub>23</sub> Oscillator Without 2nd/3rd Harmonic Tuning Achieving 193dBc/Hz Peak FoM and 140-to-250kHz 1/f <sup>3</sup> PN Corner in 65nm CMOS","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408182526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001367905","display_name":"Hanzhang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-8405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanzhang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sichen Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sichen Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019523166","display_name":"Jin Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4102-6077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393806","display_name":"Xiaolong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-5417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000735239","display_name":"Wen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-0589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084629190","display_name":"Tongde Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-2800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongde Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.6265567541122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6132940053939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic","display_name":"Harmonic","score":0.5159690976142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic-oscillator","display_name":"Harmonic oscillator","score":0.43602418899536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.39814749360084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.38858383893966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32176631689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2384810745716095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23245254158973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17305728793144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.07394871115684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.06144550442695618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.6265567541122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6132940053939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.5159690976142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40934718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190070","display_name":"Harmonic oscillator","level":2,"score":0.43602418899536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.39814749360084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38858383893966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32176631689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2384810745716095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23245254158973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17305728793144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.07394871115684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06144550442695618}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802479922","https://openalex.org/W2891924334","https://openalex.org/W3134319786","https://openalex.org/W4300850987","https://openalex.org/W4360605449","https://openalex.org/W4360606422","https://openalex.org/W4385192399","https://openalex.org/W4387411121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3158538495","https://openalex.org/W2045815042","https://openalex.org/W2092226129","https://openalex.org/W2913619905","https://openalex.org/W3125758369","https://openalex.org/W2375898439","https://openalex.org/W2069382761","https://openalex.org/W2028287801","https://openalex.org/W2264548338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,24,35,45,125,128,143,282],"wireless":[3],"communication":[4],"technology":[5],"makes":[6],"low":[7],"phase-noise":[8],"(PN)":[9],"millimeter-wave":[10],"(mm-wave)":[11],"oscillators":[12,60],"increasingly":[13],"critical.":[14],"However,":[15,106,182,298],"the":[16,21,32,36,41,46,51,82,110,126,140,155,176,183,193,226,237,242,261,265,279,283,305,311],"increasing":[17,227],"operation":[18],"frequency":[19,202],"shrinks":[20],"physical":[22],"dimensions":[23],"inductors,":[25],"leading":[26],"to":[27,122,138,147,174,186,207,210,235],"a":[28,93,134,160,167,200,231,247,250],"destructive":[29,148],"coupling":[30,149],"among":[31],"peripheral":[33],"edges":[34],"inductors.":[37],"This":[38],"inevitably":[39],"degrades":[40,264],"quality":[42],"factor":[43],"(Q-factor)":[44],"resonant":[47,170,288],"tank,":[48],"thereby":[49],"deteriorating":[50],"PN":[52,67,83,123,190,197,239,255,312],"(Fig.":[53,68,150],"34.5.1":[54,69,89,151],"(top":[55,70],"left))":[56],"[1].":[57],"Coupling":[58],"multiple":[59],"is":[61,172,216],"an":[62,188],"effective":[63],"strategy":[64],"for":[65],"optimizing":[66],"right))":[71],"at":[72,116],"mm-wave":[73,117,219,222,275,306],"frequencies.":[74],"An":[75],"N-core":[76],"coupled":[77],"oscillator":[78,97],"theoretically":[79],"can":[80,158],"reduce":[81],"by":[84,241,260],"<tex":[85,177,194,252],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[86,178,195,253],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$10\\log_{10}(\\mathrm{N})$</tex>.":[87],"Figure":[88],"(bottom":[90,152],"left)":[91],"shows":[92],"star-connected":[94],"quad-core":[95,136],"voltage-controlled":[96],"(VCO)":[98],"that":[99],"utilizes":[100],"four":[101],"individual":[102],"spiral":[103],"inductors":[104,145],"[2].":[105],"it":[107],"suffers":[108],"from":[109],"Q-factor":[111,141,162,302],"degradation":[112,303],"in":[113,218,270,274,304],"each":[114],"inductor":[115],"frequencies":[118],"and":[119,285,308],"noise":[120],"upconversion":[121],"because":[124],"absence":[127],"additional":[129],"harmonic":[130,212,287],"shaping.":[131,181],"[3]":[132],"presented":[133],"circular-connected":[135,156],"VCO":[137,248],"overcome":[139],"limitation":[142],"small-radius":[144],"due":[146,206],"middle)),":[153],"since":[154],"coil":[157],"achieve":[159],"high":[161,251],"with":[163],"ultra-low":[164],"inductance.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"circular":[168],"transformer-based":[169],"tank":[171],"designed":[173],"provide":[175],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$2\\text{nd}$</tex>":[179],"-harmonic":[180],"design":[184],"fails":[185],"maintain":[187],"optimal":[189],"performance,":[191,268],"particularly":[192],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$1/\\mathrm{f}^{3}$</tex>":[196,254],"corner,":[198,256],"across":[199],"wide":[201],"tuning":[203],"range":[204],"(FTR)":[205],"its":[208],"inability":[209],"align":[211],"impedance":[213],"peaks,":[214],"which":[215],"essential":[217],"VCOs.":[220],"In":[221],"phase-locked":[223],"loops":[224],"(PLLs),":[225],"frequency-division":[228],"ratio":[229],"necessitates":[230],"narrow":[232],"loop":[233],"bandwidth":[234],"mitigate":[236],"in-band":[238],"introduced":[240],"reference":[243],"signal":[244],"[4].":[245],"When":[246],"exhibits":[249],"out-of-band":[257],"PN,":[258],"dominated":[259],"VCO,":[262],"greatly":[263],"PLL":[266],"jitter":[267],"resulting":[269],"limited":[271],"achievable":[272],"data-rates":[273],"transceivers.":[276],"To":[277],"realize":[278],"manual":[280],"alignment":[281],"1st-to-2nd":[284],"1st-to-3rd":[286],"frequencies,":[289],"supplementary":[290],"switched-capacitor":[291],"arrays":[292],"(SCAs)":[293],"or":[294],"varactors":[295],"are":[296],"needed.":[297],"they":[299],"cause":[300],"severe":[301],"band":[307],"eventually":[309],"worsen":[310],"performance.":[313]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}