{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408183525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904540","title":"14.1 A 22nm 104.5TOPS/W \u00b5-NMC-\u0394-IMC Heterogeneous STT-MRAM CIM Macro for Noise-Tolerant Bayesian Neural Networks","display_name":"14.1 A 22nm 104.5TOPS/W \u00b5-NMC-\u0394-IMC Heterogeneous STT-MRAM CIM Macro for Noise-Tolerant Bayesian Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408183525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904540","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049419380","display_name":"De-Qi You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0588-9953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De-Qi You","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083012416","display_name":"Win-San Khwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-3564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Win-San Khwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC Corporate Research,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460212","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8119-5000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334877674","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rvfjx92","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334877674","https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC Corporate Research,San Jose,CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC Corporate Research,San Jose,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334877674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060657616","display_name":"Fang\u2010Yi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang-Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450491","display_name":"Andrew Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7012-8462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108536355","display_name":"Yu-Cheng Hung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Cheng Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346371","display_name":"Yiming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7859-4987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330368","display_name":"Yuhui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-8425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Hui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030409860","display_name":"Chung\u2010Chuan Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-7250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Chuan Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007060812","display_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-4955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044259295","display_name":"Kea\u2010Tiong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kea-Tiong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052910427","display_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109491324","display_name":"Yu-Der Chih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Der Chih","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114087240","display_name":"Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6505-5474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225287","display_name":"Meng\u2010Fan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Fan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.7070081233978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6023103594779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5907314419746399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.5436410903930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.5279613733291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5054221153259277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.24499839544296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19801300764083862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.1415543556213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06182059645652771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.7070081233978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6023103594779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5907314419746399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.5436410903930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.5279613733291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5054221153259277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.24499839544296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19801300764083862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.1415543556213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06182059645652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49661.2025.10904540","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W3035963492","https://openalex.org/W4205230840","https://openalex.org/W4226337850","https://openalex.org/W4251999575","https://openalex.org/W4367834757","https://openalex.org/W4392746308","https://openalex.org/W4401879865","https://openalex.org/W6749362104","https://openalex.org/W6802648153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790139797","https://openalex.org/W3146164987","https://openalex.org/W2086829516","https://openalex.org/W2141626281","https://openalex.org/W2472395098","https://openalex.org/W2128922810","https://openalex.org/W1641143370","https://openalex.org/W1908441109","https://openalex.org/W1579280934","https://openalex.org/W2047360450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compute-in-memory":[0],"(CIM)":[1],"macros":[2],"[1]\u2013[5]":[3],"for":[4,18,77],"convolutional":[5],"neural":[6,40],"networks":[7,41],"(CNNs)":[8],"[6]\u2013[7]":[9],"and":[10,53,63,97,100],"vision":[11],"transformers":[12],"(ViTs)":[13],"[8]":[14],"enable":[15],"high-performance":[16],"computing":[17],"energy-efficient":[19],"edge-AI":[20,78],"devices.":[21],"Image":[22],"recognition":[23],"applications":[24],"are":[25],"constrained":[26],"by":[27],"inference":[28,95],"accuracy":[29,96],"degradation":[30],"or":[31],"<tex":[32,58,64],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[33,51,59,65],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\text{misjudgments}$</tex>":[34],"due":[35],"to":[36,87],"environmental":[37],"noise.":[38],"Bayesian":[39],"(BNNs)":[42],"[9],":[43],"which":[44],"represent":[45],"weights":[46],"using":[47],"its":[48],"mean":[49,56],"(<tex":[50],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mu$</tex>-weight)":[52],"difference":[54],"from":[55],"tF":[57],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\Delta$</tex>-weight)":[60],"outperform":[61],"CNN":[62],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\text{ViT}$</tex>":[66],"models":[67],"in":[68],"terms":[69],"of":[70],"noise":[71],"tolerance,":[72],"making":[73],"them":[74],"promising":[75],"candidates":[76],"devices":[79],"dealing":[80],"with":[81],"noisy":[82],"inputs.":[83],"Using":[84],"digital":[85],"circuits":[86],"implement":[88],"BNN":[89],"[10]\u2013[12]":[90],"imposes":[91],"a":[92],"tradeoff":[93],"between":[94],"performance,":[98],"power":[99],"area":[101],"(PPA).":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}