{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392745788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49657.2024.10454332","title":"16.2 A 28nm 69.4kOPS 4.4\u03bcJ/Op Versatile Post-Quantum Crypto-Processor Across Multiple Mathematical Problems","display_name":"16.2 A 28nm 69.4kOPS 4.4\u03bcJ/Op Versatile Post-Quantum Crypto-Processor Across Multiple Mathematical Problems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392745788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49657.2024.10454332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49657.2024.10454332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49657.2024.10454332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077347520","display_name":"Yihong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8538-4546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017205152","display_name":"Wenping Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-4019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenping Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102758747","display_name":"Yi Ouyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5987-451X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038511375","display_name":"Junwen Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101484569","display_name":"Min Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0759-3422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150385","display_name":"Innovation Team (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttbbx73","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150385"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Micro Innovation Integrated Circuit Design Co., Ltd,Wuxi,China","Micro Innovation Integrated Circuit Design Co., Ltd, Wuxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Micro Innovation Integrated Circuit Design Co., Ltd,Wuxi,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150385"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Micro Innovation Integrated Circuit Design Co., Ltd, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150385"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061033981","display_name":"Qi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8091-0682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079198390","display_name":"Jinjiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-806X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinjiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418505","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-5836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023915372","display_name":"Qichao Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qichao Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088915142","display_name":"Guang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-5450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103229262","display_name":"Aoyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3283-2165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036023084","display_name":"Shaojun Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358856","display_name":"Leibo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-4116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leibo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for lnformation Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92050925,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"298","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6219648122787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.42629337310791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.42260098457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4216799736022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2380959391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23694291710853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.15763312578201294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6219648122787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.42629337310791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.42260098457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4216799736022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2380959391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23694291710853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.15763312578201294}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc49657.2024.10454332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc49657.2024.10454332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922452168","https://openalex.org/W3159054868","https://openalex.org/W4308089924","https://openalex.org/W4312634035","https://openalex.org/W4313645570","https://openalex.org/W4360770925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,115],"migration":[1,38],"towards":[2],"post-quantum":[3],"cryptography":[4],"(PQC)":[5],"is":[6,144],"in":[7,50,142,199,210],"progress":[8],"to":[9,42,86,219],"secure":[10],"communications":[11],"and":[12,24,47,53,63,125,186,207,213],"transactions":[13],"against":[14],"the":[15,88,92,192,211],"impending":[16],"quantum":[17],"threat,":[18],"while":[19,203],"three":[20,147],"key-encapsulation":[21],"mechanisms":[22],"(KEM)":[23],"one":[25],"digital":[26],"signature":[27],"(DS)":[28],"scheme":[29],"are":[30,128],"being":[31,129],"standardized":[32],"by":[33,59],"NIST":[34],"[1].":[35],"This":[36],"multi-year":[37],"poses":[39],"serious":[40],"challenges":[41],"PQC":[43,99,118,139,172,201],"implementations":[44],"for":[45,107,131,153,166,181],"compatibility":[46],"performance":[48],"requirements":[49],"various":[51,75],"scenarios":[52],"settings:":[54],"1)":[55,150],"Performance":[56],"limitations":[57],"caused":[58],"diverse":[60],"computation":[61,66],"patterns":[62],"relatively":[64],"higher":[65],"costs.":[67],"2)":[68,159],"Crypto-agility":[69],"resulting":[70],"from":[71],"different":[72,80],"mathematical":[73,113],"problems,":[74],"security":[76,90],"parameters,":[77],"or":[78],"even":[79],"standardization":[81],"bodies.":[82],"3.)":[83],"Domain-specific":[84],"optimization":[85],"address":[87,134],"long-term":[89],"of":[91],"evolving":[93],"algorithm":[94],"families.":[95],"However,":[96],"most":[97],"existing":[98],"accelerators":[100],"[2,":[101],"3,":[102],"5]":[103],"were":[104],"only":[105],"customized":[106],"specific":[108],"algorithms":[109],"based":[110],"on":[111,184,189],"unique":[112],"problems.":[114],"latest":[116],"configurable":[117],"processor":[119,140],"[4]":[120],"did":[121],"not":[122],"support":[123],"Falcon":[124],"Sphincs+,":[126],"which":[127],"drafted":[130],"standardization.":[132],"To":[133],"this":[135],"issue,":[136],"a":[137,220],"versatile":[138],"fabricated":[141],"28nm":[143],"presented":[145],"with":[146,156,163],"key":[148],"features:":[149],"task-clustering-based":[151],"architecture":[152],"scalable":[154],"processing":[155],"aggressive":[157],"parallelism;":[158],"region-based":[160],"task-path":[161],"(TP)":[162],"dynamic":[164],"update":[165],"agile":[167],"cryptographic":[168],"computing;":[169],"3)":[170],"efficient":[171],"task-operators":[173],"(TO),":[174],"including":[175],"hash/sample,":[176],"format,":[177],"floating-point/complex,":[178],"encoding/decoding":[179],"operators,":[180],"further":[182],"improvements":[183,209],"throughput":[185,212],"energy-efficiency.":[187],"Based":[188],"these":[190],"contributions,":[191],"proposed":[193],"chip":[194],"supports":[195],"all":[196],"predominant":[197],"schemes":[198],"NIST\u2019s":[200],"standardization,":[202],"still":[204],"delivering":[205],"44.6%":[206],"10.3%":[208],"energy-delay":[214],"product":[215],"(EDP),":[216],"respectively,":[217],"relative":[218],"state-of-the-art":[221],"design":[222],"[4].":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}