{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360605545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067817","title":"22.9 A 12nm 18.1TFLOPs/W Sparse Transformer Processor with Entropy-Based Early Exit, Mixed-Precision Predication and Fine-Grained Power Management","display_name":"22.9 A 12nm 18.1TFLOPs/W Sparse Transformer Processor with Entropy-Based Early Exit, Mixed-Precision Predication and Fine-Grained Power Management","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360605545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005762501","display_name":"Thierry Tambe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-9620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thierry Tambe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077249620","display_name":"Jeff Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7411-8923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007438902","display_name":"Coleman Hooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-610X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Coleman Hooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088551028","display_name":"Tianyu Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4570-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,Beijing,China","Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088853105","display_name":"Paul N. Whatmough","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-6492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156213","display_name":"American Rock Mechanics Association","ror":"https://ror.org/05vfrxy92","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul N. Whatmough","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","ARM, Boston, MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARM, Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030296966","display_name":"Joseph D. Zuckerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3072-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Zuckerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University,New York,NY","Columbia University, New York, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University,New York,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000882782","display_name":"Maico Cassel dos Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maico Cassel Dos Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University,New York,NY","Columbia University, New York, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University,New York,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070148322","display_name":"Erik Jens Loscalzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Jens Loscalzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University,New York,NY","Columbia University, New York, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University,New York,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027759717","display_name":"Davide Giri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4101-4516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Giri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University,New York,NY","Columbia University, New York, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University,New York,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002706979","display_name":"Kenneth L. Shepard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0665-6775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Shepard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University,New York,NY","Columbia University, New York, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University,New York,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009992367","display_name":"Luca P. Carloni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-8931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Carloni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University,New York,NY","Columbia University, New York, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University,New York,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062546146","display_name":"Alexander M. Rush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-1606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Rush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University,New York,NY","Cornell University, New York, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University,New York,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045336469","display_name":"David J. Brooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Brooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112645613","display_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gu-Yeon Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005762501"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3995,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98234936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"342","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.818230390548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5837269425392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5578368306159973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traverse","display_name":"Traverse","score":0.5366588830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.45645663142204285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.43966981768608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-engine","display_name":"Inference engine","score":0.4229472875595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.4104211926460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3834090530872345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.35540056228637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2899719774723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19375967979431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09367698431015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09144559502601624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.818230390548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5837269425392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5578368306159973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176809094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496","display_name":"Traverse","level":2,"score":0.5366588830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.45645663142204285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.43966981768608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.4229472875595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.4104211926460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3834090530872345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.35540056228637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2899719774723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19375967979431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09367698431015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09144559502601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2781751790","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1704834,1718160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3027324516","https://openalex.org/W3207622241","https://openalex.org/W4220865834","https://openalex.org/W4285309026","https://openalex.org/W4286571858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377402383","https://openalex.org/W2973622361","https://openalex.org/W3176282186","https://openalex.org/W4387489555","https://openalex.org/W3185576471","https://openalex.org/W4288024917","https://openalex.org/W4293053895","https://openalex.org/W2983364019","https://openalex.org/W2998183476","https://openalex.org/W3215372595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,12],"models":[2,114],"have":[3,92],"substantially":[4],"advanced":[5],"nuance":[6],"and":[7,23,30,46,121],"context":[8],"understanding":[9],"in":[10],"natural":[11],"processing":[13],"(NLP),":[14],"further":[15],"fueling":[16],"the":[17,55],"growth":[18],"of":[19],"intelligent":[20],"conversational":[21],"interfaces":[22],"virtual":[24],"assistants.":[25],"However,":[26],"their":[27],"hefty":[28],"computational":[29],"memory":[31],"demands":[32],"make":[33],"them":[34],"potentially":[35],"expensive":[36],"to":[37,78,125],"deploy":[38],"on":[39,115],"cloudless":[40],"edge":[41,116],"platforms":[42,117],"with":[43,103],"strict":[44],"latency":[45],"energy":[47,128],"requirements.":[48],"For":[49],"example,":[50],"an":[51],"inference":[52],"pass":[53],"using":[54],"state-of-the-art":[56],"BERT-base":[57],"model":[58,104],"must":[59],"serially":[60],"traverse":[61],"through":[62],"12":[63,71],"computationally":[64],"intensive":[65],"transformer":[66,113],"layers,":[67],"each":[68],"layer":[69],"containing":[70],"parallel":[72],"attention":[73],"heads":[74],"whose":[75],"outputs":[76],"concatenate":[77],"drive":[79],"a":[80,96,131],"large":[81],"feed-forward":[82],"network":[83],"[1].":[84],"To":[85],"reduce":[86],"computation":[87],"latency,":[88],"several":[89],"algorithmic":[90],"optimizations":[91,122],"been":[93],"proposed,":[94],"e.g.,":[95],"recent":[97],"algorithm":[98],"dynamically":[99],"matches":[100],"linguistic":[101],"complexity":[102],"sizes":[105],"via":[106],"entropy-based":[107],"early":[108],"exit":[109],"[2].":[110],"Deploying":[111],"such":[112],"requires":[118],"careful":[119],"co-design":[120],"from":[123],"algorithms":[124],"circuits,":[126],"where":[127],"consumption":[129],"is":[130],"key":[132],"design":[133],"consideration.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
