{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360605483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067527","title":"A 22nm 832Kb Hybrid-Domain Floating-Point SRAM In-Memory-Compute Macro with 16.2-70.2TFLOPS/W for High-Accuracy AI-Edge Devices","display_name":"A 22nm 832Kb Hybrid-Domain Floating-Point SRAM In-Memory-Compute Macro with 16.2-70.2TFLOPS/W for High-Accuracy AI-Edge Devices","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360605483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067527","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078883908","display_name":"Ping-Chun Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping-Chun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028204530","display_name":"Jian-Wei Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Wei Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041072516","display_name":"Li-Yang Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Yang Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078504510","display_name":"Jin-Sheng Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Sheng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048143467","display_name":"Chih-Han Chien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Han Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078652634","display_name":"Ho-Yu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004009411","display_name":"Chao-En Ke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-En Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084786099","display_name":"Hsu-Ming Hsiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsu-Ming Hsiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025708136","display_name":"Sih-Han Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7566-8185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sih-Han Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112150802","display_name":"Shyh-Shyuan Sheu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyh-Shyuan Sheu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114053880","display_name":"Wei\u2010Chung Lo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Chung Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102148020","display_name":"Shih-Chieh Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Chieh Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030409860","display_name":"Chung\u2010Chuan Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-7250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Chuan Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007060812","display_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-4955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052910427","display_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044259295","display_name":"Kea\u2010Tiong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kea-Tiong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225287","display_name":"Meng\u2010Fan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Fan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":57.0425,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99988108,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"126","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5506373047828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4621020555496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.44274401664733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4202157258987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.41649067401885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.41498613357543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4061163067817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.17606690526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1611502766609192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5506373047828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4621020555496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44274401664733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4202157258987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.41649067401885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.41498613357543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4061163067817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.17606690526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1611502766609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067527","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920866490","https://openalex.org/W3133754064","https://openalex.org/W3172967059","https://openalex.org/W4220958508","https://openalex.org/W4221038786","https://openalex.org/W4221101426"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392590355","https://openalex.org/W3151633427","https://openalex.org/W2212894501","https://openalex.org/W2793465010","https://openalex.org/W3024050170","https://openalex.org/W1976168335","https://openalex.org/W2109451123","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W4378977321","https://openalex.org/W3211992815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"artificial-intelligence":[1],"(Al)":[2],"edge":[3,25],"devices":[4],"require":[5],"high":[6,8,290],"energy-efficiency$(\\eta_{\\mathrm{E}})$and":[7],"inference-accuracy":[9],"[2,4-6].":[10],"An":[11,103,127],"SRAM-based":[12],"compute-in-memory":[13],"(CIM)":[14],"based":[15,65],"on":[16,66],"MAC":[17],"operations":[18],"is":[19,72,85,96,300],"well-suited":[20],"for":[21,30,75,80,88,124,249,285,315],"improving":[22],"the$\\eta_{\\mathrm{E}}$of":[23],"Al":[24,34],"devices.":[26],"However,":[27],"without":[28],"support":[29,310],"floating-point":[31],"(FP)":[32],"computation,":[33],"chips":[35],"using":[36,302],"integer-based":[37],"SRAM-CIMs":[38],"(INT-CIM)":[39],"[2,4-5]":[40],"are":[41,176,181,229],"prone":[42],"to":[43,48,63,117,149,170,178,189,271],"precision":[44],"loss":[45],"when":[46],"applied":[47],"complex":[49],"datasets":[50],"or":[51],"neural":[52],"network":[53],"models.":[54],"Product$(\\text{PD}=\\text{IN}\\times":[55],"\\mathrm{W})$.":[56],"alignment-based":[57],"FP-MACs":[58,311],"align":[59],"the":[60,67,119,125,214,222,237,245,250,275,328],"product's":[61,68],"mantissa$(\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{M}})$prior":[62],"accumulation,":[64],"exponent$(\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}})$.":[69],"This":[70,196],"approach":[71],"commonly":[73],"used":[74,114],"digital":[76,107],"circuits":[77,108],"[3]":[78],"and":[79,98,109,143,158,216,240,258,319,326],"near-memory":[81],"compute":[82,186],"[1],":[83],"but":[84,137,180],"not":[86],"practical":[87],"in-memory-compute":[89],"(IMC)":[90],"macros:":[91],"each$\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}}$within":[92],"a":[93,151,165,199,205,261,289],"physical":[94],"row/column":[95],"different":[97],"thus":[99],"cannot":[100],"be":[101],"accumulated.":[102],"INT-IMC":[104],"with":[105,129,288,312,322],"off-macro":[106],"off-chip":[110],"software":[111],"pre-alignment":[112],"was":[113],"in":[115,183,218,236],"[6]":[116],"process":[118],"exponents":[120],"of":[121,156,185,212,234],"inputs$(\\text{IN}_{\\mathrm{E}})$and":[122],"weights$(\\mathrm{W}_{\\mathrm{E}})$externally":[123],"FP-MAC.":[126],"INT-CIM":[128],"extra":[130],"FP-to-INT":[131],"converters":[132],"can":[133],"emulate":[134],"an":[135,219],"FP-MAC,":[136],"incurs":[138],"additional":[139],"area,":[140],"power":[141],"consumption,":[142],"latency":[144],"(PPA).":[145],"Researchers":[146],"have":[147],"yet":[148],"develop":[150],"true":[152,200],"FP-IMC":[153,201],"macro":[154,202,207,299],"capable":[155],"exponent":[157,215,264],"mantissa":[159,217,286],"computation.":[160,265],"Analog":[161],"CIMs":[162,175],"suffer":[163],"from":[164],"low":[166],"readout":[167],"accuracy":[168,228,292],"due":[169,188],"intrinsic":[171],"transistor":[172],"variation.":[173],"Digital":[174],"insensitive":[177],"variation,":[179],"limited":[182],"terms":[184],"parallelism":[187],"routing":[190],"congestion,":[191],"as":[192],"Fig.":[193],"7.1.1":[194],"shows.":[195],"paper":[197],"presents":[198],"featuring":[203],"(1)":[204],"hybrid-domain":[206],"structure":[208],"that":[209],"enables":[210],"computation":[211,287],"both":[213],"FP-MAC":[220,251],"within":[221],"same":[223,276],"IMC":[224],"macro.":[225],"A":[226,279,294],"high$\\eta_{\\mathrm{E}}$and":[227],"achieved":[230],"by":[231,243],"exploiting":[232],"advantages":[233],"computing":[235,283],"time,":[238],"digital,":[239],"analog-voltage":[241],"domain":[242],"identifying":[244],"proper":[246],"functional":[247],"blocks":[248],"[2,4-5].":[252],"(2)":[253],"Time-domain":[254],"based$\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}}$generation,":[255],"a$\\text{maximum}-\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}}(\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}-\\text{MAX}})$finder":[256],"(TD-MPEF),":[257],"a$\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}}-\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}-\\text{MAX}}$generator$(\\text{TD}-\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}}-\\text{DG})$to":[259],"achieve":[260],"high$\\eta_{\\mathrm{E}}$for":[262],"all":[263],"(3)$\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{E}}$-based":[266],"input-mantissa":[267],"alignment":[268],"(PEB-IMA)":[269],"scheme":[270,284],"enable":[272],"accumulation":[273],"for$\\text{PD}_{\\mathrm{M}}$in":[274],"column.":[277],"(4)":[278],"place-value":[280],"dependent":[281],"digital/analog-hybrid":[282],"inference":[291],"and$\\eta_{\\mathrm{E}}$.":[293],"22-nm":[295],"832-kb":[296],"FP":[297,308],"SRAM-IMC":[298,309],"fabricated":[301],"foundry-provided":[303],"compact-6T":[304],"SRAM":[305],"cells.":[306],"The":[307],"128-accumulators":[313],"(ACCU)":[314],"BF16":[316],"inputs":[317],"(IN)":[318],"weights":[320],"(W)":[321],"FP32":[323],"outputs":[324],"(OUT)":[325],"achieves":[327],"highest":[329],"reported":[330],"FP-MAC$\\eta_{\\mathrm{E}}$,":[331],"70.2TFLOPS/W.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
