{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360607286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067339","title":"33.4 A 28nm 2Mb STT-MRAM Computing-in-Memory Macro with a Refined Bit-Cell and 22.4 - 41.5TOPS/W for AI Inference","display_name":"33.4 A 28nm 2Mb STT-MRAM Computing-in-Memory Macro with a Refined Bit-Cell and 22.4 - 41.5TOPS/W for AI Inference","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360607286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067339","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079498326","display_name":"Hao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066008208","display_name":"Zhongjian Bian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongjian Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030438047","display_name":"Yaoru Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-966X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoru Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085770846","display_name":"Yongliang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7327-6759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongliang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077580931","display_name":"Jia-le Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0795-8657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia-le Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020727095","display_name":"Yanan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-8100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050387230","display_name":"Xiaoyun Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyun Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461621","display_name":"Bo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0894-1054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113009142","display_name":"Xin Si","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670065","display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-2252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799736854","display_name":"Nanjing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00n6txq60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Prochip Electronic Technology,Nanjing,China","Nanjing Prochip Electronic Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Prochip Electronic Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799736854","https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Prochip Electronic Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030384645","display_name":"Jun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-0321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057291086","display_name":"Weiwei Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-1326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,Nanjing,China","Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079498326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98841814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"500","last_page":"502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.8189384937286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6279754638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.5860574245452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5801371932029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.4663155972957611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-transfer-torque","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","score":0.45677652955055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.4550403952598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4184987246990204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3346847891807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33382469415664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2980033755302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.27341562509536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2315736711025238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.12016785144805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08776646852493286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.8189384937286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6279754638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.5860574245452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5801371932029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.4663155972957611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C609986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844840","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","level":4,"score":0.45677652955055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.4550403952598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4184987246990204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3346847891807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33382469415664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2980033755302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.27341562509536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2315736711025238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.12016785144805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08776646852493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42615.2023.10067339","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3059783226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61904028,62274029,62122021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2533706950","https://openalex.org/W2912505786","https://openalex.org/W3016245653","https://openalex.org/W3209341468","https://openalex.org/W4205230840","https://openalex.org/W4221039638","https://openalex.org/W4286571786","https://openalex.org/W6776605763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388285079","https://openalex.org/W4281561022","https://openalex.org/W2733919783","https://openalex.org/W2425808153","https://openalex.org/W2404332818","https://openalex.org/W2188761345","https://openalex.org/W3006384944","https://openalex.org/W393693633","https://openalex.org/W60430064","https://openalex.org/W4231059390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"non-volatile":[1],"memory-based":[2],"computing-in-memory":[3],"(CIM)":[4],"is":[5,115],"an":[6,112],"excellent":[7],"fit":[8],"for":[9,16,38,110],"resource-constrained":[10],"edge-AI":[11],"devices":[12],"[1\u20136].":[13],"MRAM-CIM":[14,42],"macros":[15],"MAC":[17],"operations,":[18],"at":[19],"present,":[20],"rely":[21,105],"on":[22,106],"a":[23,27,35,64,86],"crossbar":[24],"structure":[25],"or":[26],"peripheral":[28],"circuit":[29],"modification":[30],"[2],":[31],"[3].":[32],"It":[33],"remains":[34],"great":[36],"challenge":[37],"bottom-up":[39],"design":[40],"of":[41],"macro":[43],"using":[44],"the":[45,92],"standard":[46,65],"one":[47,50],"transistor":[48],"-":[49],"magnetic":[51],"tunnel":[52,94],"junction":[53],"(1T-1MTJ)":[54],"bit-cell:":[55],"(1)":[56],"The":[57,79],"mainstream":[58],"spin-transfer-torque":[59],"(STT)":[60],"switching":[61],"mechanism":[62],"with":[63,117],"foundry":[66],"bit-cell":[67],"cannot":[68],"fulfill":[69],"CIM":[70],"operation":[71],"requirements":[72],"in":[73],"binary":[74],"neural":[75],"networks":[76],"(BNN).":[77],"(2)":[78],"excessive":[80],"multi-row/column":[81],"activation":[82],"method":[83],"suffers":[84],"from":[85],"limited":[87,93],"read":[88],"window":[89],"due":[90],"to":[91],"magnetoresistance":[95],"ratio":[96],"and":[97,123],"process":[98],"variation":[99],"[1],":[100],"[2].":[101],"(3)":[102],"Prior":[103],"MRAM-CIMs":[104],"analog":[107],"domain":[108],"computing,":[109],"which":[111],"analog-to-digital":[113],"converter":[114],"required":[116],"it's":[118],"associated":[119],"high":[120],"energy":[121],"consumption":[122],"area":[124],"overhead":[125],"[3],":[126],"[6].":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}