{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221080903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731671","title":"Electronic THz Pencil Beam Forming and 2D Steering for High Angular-Resolution Operation: A 98 $\\times$ 98-Unit 265GHz CMOS Reflectarray with In-Unit Digital Beam Shaping and Squint Correction","display_name":"Electronic THz Pencil Beam Forming and 2D Steering for High Angular-Resolution Operation: A 98 $\\times$ 98-Unit 265GHz CMOS Reflectarray with In-Unit Digital Beam Shaping and Squint Correction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221080903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607897","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051229850","display_name":"Nathan M. Monroe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-7281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan M. Monroe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001486682","display_name":"Georgios C. Dogiamis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-0491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios C. Dogiamis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation,Chandler,AZ","Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation,Chandler,AZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052956209","display_name":"Robert A. Stingel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Stingel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation,Chandler,AZ","Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation,Chandler,AZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024307325","display_name":"Preston Myers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preston Myers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation,Chandler,AZ","Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation,Chandler,AZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045877928","display_name":"Xibi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-2769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xibi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751337","display_name":"Ruonan Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruonan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":38.846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99854509,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamwidth","display_name":"Beamwidth","score":0.8682740330696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.5894290208816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5330734252929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49808835983276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4501136541366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.37854278087615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3557862639427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3473477363586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3233488202095032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.31220781803131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20932963490486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18875336647033691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.18510720133781433}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190060920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876232","display_name":"Beamwidth","level":3,"score":0.8682740330696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.5894290208816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5330734252929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49808835983276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4501136541366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.37854278087615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3557862639427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3473477363586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3233488202095032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.31220781803131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20932963490486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18875336647033691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.18510720133781433}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607897","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1717962218","https://openalex.org/W3113108189","https://openalex.org/W3133585917","https://openalex.org/W3134442594","https://openalex.org/W4244766101","https://openalex.org/W6637403256","https://openalex.org/W6790939325","https://openalex.org/W6791885344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087159119","https://openalex.org/W3133309669","https://openalex.org/W2589070551","https://openalex.org/W1613226384","https://openalex.org/W4387714700","https://openalex.org/W2969395133","https://openalex.org/W2364986039","https://openalex.org/W2164011616","https://openalex.org/W2604634667","https://openalex.org/W2765726077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultra-sharp":[0],"beam":[1,115,213],"forming":[2,205],"and":[3,9,21,36,63,99,175,191,206,230],"high-angular-resolution":[4],"steering":[5,208],"in":[6,14,45,83,108,126,145,218],"both":[7],"azimuth":[8],"elevation":[10],"directions":[11],"are":[12,73,233],"required":[13,51,112],"high-performance":[15],"imaging":[16],"sensors,":[17],"spatial-multiplexed":[18],"wireless":[19],"links":[20],"other":[22],"applications.":[23],"This":[24,182],"poses":[25],"great":[26],"challenges":[27,107],"due":[28],"to":[29,52,75,106,122,136,152,172,195],"the":[30,34,37,40,48,80,109,119,124,131,173,187,204],"fundamental":[31],"relationship":[32],"between":[33],"beamwidth":[35,58,217],"dimension":[38],"of":[39,56,92,101,209,224],"antenna":[41,71],"aperture.":[42],"As":[43],"shown":[44],"Fig.":[46,170],"4.5.1,":[47],"aperture":[49,132],"size":[50,82],"achieve":[53],"1":[54,215],"\u00b0":[55,216],"3dB":[57],"is$0.6\\times":[59],"0.6\\mathrm{m}^{2}$and$0.2\\times":[60],"0.2\\mathrm{m}^{2}$at":[61],"24GHz":[62],"77GHz,":[64],"respectively.":[65],"In":[66],"current":[67],"radars,":[68],"sparse":[69],"MIMO":[70,196],"schemes":[72],"adopted":[74],"synthesize":[76],"virtual":[77],"arrays":[78],"with":[79],"above":[81],"one":[84],"dimension.":[85],"However,":[86],"they":[87],"require":[88],"intensive":[89],"signal":[90,97,189],"processing":[91,193],"many":[93],"channels.":[94],"The":[95],"complex":[96,192],"routing":[98,190],"placement":[100],"active":[102],"electronics":[103],"also":[104,234],"leads":[105],"2D":[110],"scaling":[111],"for":[113],"pencil":[114,212],"forming.":[116],"By":[117],"increasing":[118],"wave":[120,174],"frequency":[121],"265GHz,":[123],"work":[125],"this":[127],"paper":[128],"significantly":[129],"reduces":[130],"area,":[133],"allowing":[134],"it":[135,177],"be":[137],"fully":[138],"realized":[139],"by":[140,160],"digitally":[141],"controlled,":[142],"reflective":[143],"antennas":[144],"CMOS":[146],"microelectronic":[147],"chips":[148],"(Fig.":[149],"4.5.1).":[150],"Similar":[151],"a":[153,156,161,179,210],"concave":[154],"mirror,":[155],"reflectarray,":[157],"when":[158],"illuminated":[159],"single":[162],"radar":[163],"source,":[164],"applies":[165],"incident-angle-dependent":[166],"phase":[167],"shifts":[168],"(e.g.$\\varphi_{1}$and$\\varphi_{2}$in":[169],"4.5.1)":[171],"re-focuses":[176],"towards":[178],"desired":[180],"direction.":[181],"quasi-optical":[183],"spatial":[184],"feed":[185],"eliminates":[186],"high-frequency":[188],"inherent":[194],"arrays.":[197],"Employing$98\\times":[198],"98$antenna":[199],"elements,":[200],"we":[201],"experimentally":[202],"demonstrate":[203],"electronic":[207],"THz":[211],"with-":[214],"two":[219],"dimensions.":[220],"With":[221],"under-antenna":[222],"integration":[223],"dense":[225],"memory":[226],"cells,":[227],"sidelobe":[228],"reduction":[229],"squint":[231],"correction":[232],"achieved.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
