{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221131174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731574","title":"A Cryo-CMOS Controller IC With Fully Integrated Frequency Generators for Superconducting Qubits","display_name":"A Cryo-CMOS Controller IC With Fully Integrated Frequency Generators for Superconducting Qubits","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221131174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607897","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049635406","display_name":"Kiseo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0839-0715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kiseo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033993455","display_name":"Donggyu Minn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8420-3918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donggyu Minn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084686024","display_name":"Seunghun Bae","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghun Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331205","display_name":"Jae\u2010Ho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6878-8848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008858603","display_name":"Seongun Bae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-1481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seongun Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009354884","display_name":"Gichang Jung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gichang Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044543389","display_name":"Seokhyeong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-1806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seokhyeong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059548002","display_name":"Moonjoo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4054-0963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moonjoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090103689","display_name":"Ho-Jin Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-2107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-Jin Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033088278","display_name":"Jae\u2010Yoon Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1814-6211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Yoon Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology,Pohang,Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049635406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":40.2832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99947062,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"362","last_page":"364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.8114560842514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmon","display_name":"Transmon","score":0.5867897272109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5255638360977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux-qubit","display_name":"Flux qubit","score":0.5142950415611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.513573408126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45791760087013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superconducting-quantum-computing","display_name":"Superconducting quantum computing","score":0.43942102789878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.42574745416641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.38653549551963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2650540769100189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.2309766709804535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.15493741631507874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.8114560842514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776222033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834688","display_name":"Transmon","level":4,"score":0.5867897272109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5255638360977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109546105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5463032","display_name":"Flux qubit","level":4,"score":0.5142950415611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.513573408126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45791760087013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119382340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7643176","display_name":"Superconducting quantum computing","level":4,"score":0.43942102789878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.42574745416641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.38653549551963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2650540769100189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.2309766709804535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.15493741631507874}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc42614.2022.9731574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607897","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/116968","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/116968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1946979123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R15A1027055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","funder_display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309788","display_name":"Neurosciences Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05exfab56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481332830","https://openalex.org/W2951836937","https://openalex.org/W3106097556","https://openalex.org/W3135081570","https://openalex.org/W3135441877","https://openalex.org/W3135839872","https://openalex.org/W3161333316","https://openalex.org/W3183565616"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904516837","https://openalex.org/W4372273022","https://openalex.org/W4382766287","https://openalex.org/W4237668728","https://openalex.org/W2083998576","https://openalex.org/W2240851776","https://openalex.org/W3102336076","https://openalex.org/W3103504826","https://openalex.org/W4289705291","https://openalex.org/W4390816956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extensive":[0],"research":[1],"on":[2,83,189],"quantum":[3,18,30],"mechanics":[4],"in":[5,35,47,162,177,220],"past":[6],"decades":[7],"has":[8],"successfully":[9],"paved":[10],"the":[11,14,24,36,122,128,154,182,190,207,229,243,251,255,262,266,269],"way":[12],"towards":[13],"disruptive":[15],"technology":[16],"of":[17,26,38,60,70,88,106,125,142,165,184,192,206,215,245],"computing.":[19],"A":[20],"further":[21],"step":[22],"to":[23,55,153,274],"realization":[25],"a":[27,42,48,107,148,195,200,246,275,283],"fault-tolerant":[28],"scalable":[29],"computer":[31],"is":[32,204],"presenting":[33],"challenges":[34],"field":[37],"engineering.":[39],"It":[40,173,224],"necessitates":[41,225],"microsystem":[43],"operating":[44],"at":[45,63,171],"4K":[46],"dilution":[49],"refrigerator,":[50],"which":[51,111],"would":[52,150],"be":[53,259,272],"inevitable":[54],"control":[56],"thousands":[57],"or":[58],"millions":[59],"qubits":[61,91],"sitting":[62],"10mK.":[64],"There":[65],"have":[66],"been":[67],"IC":[68],"implementations":[69],"pulse":[71,80,234],"modulators":[72],"generating":[73],"qubit-controlling":[74],"microwave":[75,233],"signals":[76],"[1\u2013":[77],"4].":[78],"The":[79,103,212],"modulation":[81],"based":[82],"direct":[84],"synthesis":[85],"demonstrated":[86,121],"feasibility":[87],"driving":[89,156,193,235,263],"multiple":[90,226],"with":[92],"frequency-division":[93],"multiplexing":[94],"(FDM)":[95],"through":[96,158,248],"one":[97,205],"RF":[98],"cable":[99],"[1":[100],"\u2013":[101],"3].":[102],"first":[104],"implementation":[105],"full":[108],"controller":[109],"[1],":[110],"includes":[112],"both":[113,237],"read":[114,238,267],"and":[115,239,268],"write":[116,270],"chains":[117],"for":[118,137,236,265],"spin":[119],"qubits,":[120],"highest":[123],"level":[124],"integration.":[126],"However,":[127],"previous":[129],"work":[130],"used":[131],"external":[132],"local":[133],"oscillator":[134],"(LO)":[135],"sources":[136],"frequency":[138],"synthesis.":[139],"External":[140],"feeding":[141],"LO":[143,197,216],"requires":[144],"precise":[145],"matching;":[146],"otherwise,":[147],"failure":[149],"cause":[151],"leakage":[152],"qubit":[155,166,185,222,231,247],"output":[157],"PCB":[159],"traces,":[160],"resulting":[161],"AC-Stark":[163],"shift":[164],"state":[167,244],"by":[168,199],"unwanted":[169],"tones":[170],"near-resonance.":[172],"becomes":[174],"more":[175],"problematic":[176],"FDM-based":[178],"multi-qubit":[179],"driving.":[180],"Since":[181],"fidelity":[183],"operations":[186],"strongly":[187],"relies":[188],"quality":[191],"frequency,":[194],"low-noise":[196],"generation":[198,214],"phase-locked":[201],"loop":[202],"(PLL)":[203],"most":[208],"important":[209],"factors":[210],"[5].":[211],"internal":[213],"gives":[217],"additional":[218],"benefits":[219],"superconducting":[221,230],"interface.":[223],"LOs":[227],"since":[228],"uses":[232],"write.":[240],"To":[241],"detect":[242],"dispersive":[249],"readout,":[250],"phase":[252],"reflected":[253],"from":[254],"readout":[256],"resonator":[257],"should":[258,271],"measured.":[260],"Therefore,":[261],"pulses":[264],"synchronized":[273],"single":[276,284],"reference":[277,285],"timing.":[278],"Using":[279],"built-in":[280],"PLLs":[281],"sharing":[282],"clock":[286],"naturally":[287],"solves":[288],"this":[289],"problem.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}