{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015526100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9063076","title":"29.9 A 4\u00d74 Distributed Multi-Layer Oscillator Network for Harmonic Injection and THz Beamforming with 14dBm EIRP at 416GHz in a Lensless 65nm CMOS IC","display_name":"29.9 A 4\u00d74 Distributed Multi-Layer Oscillator Network for Harmonic Injection and THz Beamforming with 14dBm EIRP at 416GHz in a Lensless 65nm CMOS IC","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015526100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9063076","mag":"3015526100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9063076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9063076","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007930379","display_name":"Hooman Saeidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-3872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hooman Saeidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062030072","display_name":"Suresh Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-3021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh Venkatesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055127970","display_name":"Chandrakanth Reddy Chappidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4350-1185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandrakanth Reddy Chappidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037419104","display_name":"Tushar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-3518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tushar Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075090925","display_name":"Chengjie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7733-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengjie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086851941","display_name":"Kaushik Sengupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007930379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3154,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95052236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"256","last_page":"258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7537069320678711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46182945370674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.4576382637023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42103493213653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.37979745864868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.35510197281837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3129770755767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2161388397216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19161736965179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15531104803085327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7537069320678711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46182945370674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.4576382637023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42103493213653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.37979745864868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.35510197281837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3129770755767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2161388397216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19161736965179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15531104803085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9063076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9063076","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994297984","https://openalex.org/W2033423326","https://openalex.org/W2038006852","https://openalex.org/W2064881477","https://openalex.org/W2140954894","https://openalex.org/W2592215232","https://openalex.org/W2734740209","https://openalex.org/W2900196962","https://openalex.org/W2903983414","https://openalex.org/W2904145608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2033952283","https://openalex.org/W2762687161","https://openalex.org/W2353254830","https://openalex.org/W2351210568","https://openalex.org/W2028421553","https://openalex.org/W4229079866","https://openalex.org/W2890072373","https://openalex.org/W3000002614","https://openalex.org/W2800192479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"high-power":[1],"THz":[2,98],"arrays":[3],"with":[4,71,89,147,226],"beamforming":[5],"ability":[6],"can":[7,100,186,273],"enable":[8],"new":[9],"applications":[10],"in":[11,82,150,161,320],"communication,":[12],"sensing,":[13],"imaging,":[14],"and":[15,61,183,200,253,279,286,304,315],"spectroscopy":[16],"[1].":[17],"However,":[18,76,157],"due":[19],"to":[20,47,113,131,177,205,209],"the":[21,30,83,93,96,109,116,125,158,201,258,269,276,280,290,298],"limited":[22],"power-generation":[23,281],"capability":[24],"of":[25,51,58,289,313],"a":[26,143,151,192,197,222,250,310,321],"single":[27],"source":[28],"above":[29],"device":[31],"f":[32,172,178],"<sub":[33,168,173,179,229,233],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[34,120,169,174,180,230,234],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">max</sub>":[35],"[2],":[36],"efficient":[37],"spatial":[38],"power":[39,80,291,312],"combining":[40],"from":[41],"multiple":[42,133],"coherent":[43],"sources":[44,94,136],"becomes":[45],"necessary":[46],"generate":[48],"mW":[49],"level":[50],"power.":[52],"To":[53],"create":[54],"this":[55,77,218,266],"2D":[56,223],"array":[57,126,154],"distributed":[59,134,294],"frequency":[60,99,111,252],"phase-locked":[62],"sources,":[63],"prior":[64],"works":[65],"have":[66],"shown":[67],"central":[68],"LO-signal":[69],"distribution":[70,255],"local":[72,306],"harmonic":[73,307],"upconversion":[74],"[3].":[75],"requires":[78],"high":[79,261],"consumption":[81],"LO":[84],"distribution.":[85],"In":[86,190,217],"addition,":[87],"phase-matching":[88],"PVT":[90,184],"variations":[91,185],"across":[92,257],"at":[95,108,115,139,238,297,302,318],"harmonic-radiating":[97],"be":[101],"quite":[102],"challenging.":[103],"A":[104],"small":[105],"\u0394\u03b8":[106],"perturbation":[107],"fundamental":[110],"translates":[112],"N\u0394\u03b8":[114],"radiated":[117,311],"N":[118],"<sup":[119],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">th</sup>":[121],"harmonic,":[122],"thus":[123],"corrupting":[124],"beam":[127],"pattern.":[128],"Another":[129],"method":[130],"synchronize":[132],"radiating":[135],"(\u03bb/2":[137],"spaced":[138],"Nfo)":[140],"is":[141,164,196],"through":[142],"mutual":[144],"coupling":[145,202],"network":[146,203,225,256,267,296],"active/passive":[148],"elements":[149],"coupled":[152],"oscillator":[153],"[4],":[155],"[5].":[156],"locking":[159,277],"range":[160],"these":[162,213],"methods":[163],"typically":[165],"narrow":[166],"(\u0394f":[167],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">locking</sub>":[170],"~":[171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">0</sub>":[175,181],"/20":[176],"/10)":[182],"easily":[187],"cause":[188],"desynchronization.":[189],"such":[191],"network,":[193],"each":[194,239],"cell":[195],"self-sustaining":[198],"oscillator,":[199],"tries":[204],"establish":[206],"injection":[207],"signals":[208],"force":[210],"synchronization":[211],"between":[212],"individual":[214],"free-running":[215],"oscillators.":[216],"paper,":[219],"we":[220,272],"used":[221],"oscillating":[224,295],"negative":[227],"G":[228],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">m</sub>":[231,235],"(-G":[232],")":[236],"cells":[237],"node":[240],"that":[241],"do":[242],"not":[243],"oscillate":[244],"individually":[245],"but":[246],"only":[247],"collectively,":[248],"establishing":[249],"robust":[251],"phase":[254],"chip":[259],"for":[260],"THz-power":[262],"generation.":[263],"By":[264],"making":[265],"as":[268],"lowest":[270,299],"layer,":[271],"now":[274],"separate":[275],"mechanism":[278],"sources.":[282,292],"This":[283],"avoids":[284],"loading":[285],"sub-optimal":[287],"operation":[288],"The":[293],"layer":[300],"operates":[301],"69.3GHz,":[303],"multi-layer":[305],"generation":[308],"produces":[309],"-3dBm":[314],"+14dBm":[316],"EIRP":[317],"416GHz":[319],"4\u00d74":[322],"array.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
