{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921024437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662498","title":"29.4 Ultra-Low-Power Atomic Clock for Satellite Constellation with 2.2\u00d710<sup>-12</sup> Long-Term Allan Deviation Using Cesium Coherent Population Trapping","display_name":"29.4 Ultra-Low-Power Atomic Clock for Satellite Constellation with 2.2\u00d710<sup>-12</sup> Long-Term Allan Deviation Using Cesium Coherent Population Trapping","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921024437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662498","mag":"2921024437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2019.8662498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058568621","display_name":"Haosheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3413-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haosheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086299849","display_name":"Hans Herdian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8667-3892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans Herdian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032076900","display_name":"Aravind Tharayil Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aravind Tharayil Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028333708","display_name":"Atsushi Shirane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-4323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atsushi Shirane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006473438","display_name":"Mitsuru Suzuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24193003","display_name":"Ricoh (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02h4myp42","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24193003"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitsuru Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ricoh, Miyagi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ricoh, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24193003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085867006","display_name":"Kazuhiro Harasaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9953-9836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24193003","display_name":"Ricoh (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02h4myp42","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24193003"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiro Harasaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ricoh, Miyagi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ricoh, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24193003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112248488","display_name":"Kazuhiko Adachi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24193003","display_name":"Ricoh (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02h4myp42","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24193003"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiko Adachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ricoh, Miyagi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ricoh, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24193003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087716767","display_name":"Shinya Yanagimachi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinya Yanagimachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064086312","display_name":"Kenichi Okada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-7672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenichi Okada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7511,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72164439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"462","last_page":"464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.7827048301696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5110830068588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.4939311146736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4925599694252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.45810461044311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.4478845000267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.42148369550704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4170287251472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.38466042280197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.38017135858535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3506767153739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.34284159541130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.340065598487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32518625259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26582053303718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1635359525680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12081736326217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11688131093978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.1146467924118042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.7827048301696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5110830068588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.4939311146736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4925599694252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.45810461044311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.4478845000267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42148369550704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4170287251472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38466042280197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.38017135858535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3506767153739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34284159541130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.340065598487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32518625259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26582053303718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1635359525680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12081736326217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11688131093978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.1146467924118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2019.8662498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595039584","https://openalex.org/W2152490106","https://openalex.org/W2725494561","https://openalex.org/W2899406828"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770101701","https://openalex.org/W2000326185","https://openalex.org/W1969681213","https://openalex.org/W2141661339","https://openalex.org/W2092836983","https://openalex.org/W4288753173","https://openalex.org/W3176970960","https://openalex.org/W2082154508","https://openalex.org/W4394904452","https://openalex.org/W2537595074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nano/micro":[0],"satellites":[1,68,86],"in":[2,13,113,124,135,181,206],"low":[3,191,194],"earth":[4],"orbit":[5],"(LEO),":[6],"and":[7,26,55,102,143,163,183,193,208,217,237,263,284],"unmanned":[8],"-aerial-vehicle":[9],"base":[10],"stations":[11],"(UAV-BS)":[12],"the":[14,24,39,47,66,72,105,114,125,128,136,151,155,212,233,285],"stratosphere":[15],"are":[16],"being":[17],"considered":[18],"to":[19,108,140,150,176,214,250],"be":[20,77,91],"used":[21],"for":[22,52,65,159,200,289],"increasing":[23],"coverage":[25],"provision":[27],"of":[28,33,46,154,186,296,303],"on-demand":[29],"high":[30],"data":[31],"rates":[32],"mobile":[34],"communication":[35,57],"networks":[36],"all":[37],"over":[38],"globe":[40],"as":[41,88],"beyond":[42],"5G":[43],"technology.":[44],"One":[45],"most":[48],"important":[49],"key":[50],"technologies":[51],"such":[53,87],"high-speed":[54],"long-distance":[56],"is":[58,120,198,247],"a":[59,92,166,189,225,252,260,270,281,299],"very":[60],"accurate":[61],"time":[62,74,196],"standard,":[63],"especially":[64],"LEO":[67,202],"constellation":[69],"[1].":[70],"Presently,":[71],"best":[73],"accuracy":[75,107],"can":[76,90],"acquired":[78],"from":[79,98,171],"atomic":[80,130,156,168,221,255,265,291],"clocks.":[81],"Atomic":[82],"clock":[83,106,131,169,222,266,292],"assisted":[84],"GEO":[85],"GPS":[89,119],"primary":[93],"reference,":[94],"but":[95],"they":[96],"suffer":[97],"large":[99,137,141],"path":[100],"loss":[101],"delay,":[103],"degrading":[104],"10":[109],"<sup":[110,173,178,305,311,316],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[111,174,179,306,312,317],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-6</sup>":[112],"receiver":[115],"part.":[116],"In":[117],"addition,":[118],"not":[121],"always":[122],"available":[123],"space,":[126],"while":[127],"conventional":[129],"has":[132],"deployment":[133],"difficulties":[134],"array":[138],"due":[139,149],"volume":[142],"huge":[144],"power":[145,192],"consumption.":[146],"For":[147],"example,":[148],"special":[152],"condition":[153],"cell":[157],"required":[158,199,288],"reference":[160,234],"frequency":[161,235],"locking":[162,236],"probing,":[164],"even":[165],"compact":[167],"ranges":[170],"150cm":[172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>":[175,180,318],"775cm":[177],"size":[182],"consumes":[184],"1.2W-to-l0W":[185],"power.":[187],"Thus,":[188],"miniaturized,":[190],"cost":[195],"standard":[197],"each":[201],"satellite.":[203],"Recent":[204],"developments":[205],"photonics":[207],"MEMS":[209],"processes":[210],"show":[211],"potential":[213],"realize":[215],"low-power":[216],"small-volume":[218],"quantum":[219,282],"package":[220,283],"based":[223],"on":[224],"coherent":[226],"population":[227],"trapping":[228],"(CPT)":[229],"method":[230],"[2].":[231],"With":[232],"probing":[238],"techniques":[239],"realized":[240],"by":[241],"advanced":[242],"CMOS":[243],"integrated":[244],"circuits,":[245],"it":[246],"now":[248],"possible":[249],"manufacture":[251],"small":[253],"form-factor":[254],"clock.":[256],"This":[257],"paper":[258],"presents":[259],"complete":[261,290],"ultra-low-power":[262],"miniaturized":[264],"(ULPAC)":[267],"system":[268],"with":[269],"cesium-133":[271],"gas":[272],"cell,":[273],"vertical-cavity":[274],"surface-emitting":[275],"laser":[276],"(VCSEL),":[277],"temperature/magnetic":[278],"controllers":[279],"inside":[280],"driving/controlling":[286],"circuitry":[287],"operation.":[293],"The":[294],"prototype":[295],"ULPAC":[297],"achieves":[298],"long-term":[300],"Allan":[301],"deviation":[302],"2.2\u00d710":[304],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">12</sup>":[307],"at":[308],"\u03c4":[309],"=10":[310],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">5</sup>":[313],"S":[314],"15.4cm":[315],"volume.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}