{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921293232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662403","title":"18.5 A 54MHz Crystal Oscillator With 30\u00d7 18.5 Start-Up Time Reduction Using 2-Step Injection in 65nm CMOS","display_name":"18.5 A 54MHz Crystal Oscillator With 30\u00d7 18.5 Start-Up Time Reduction Using 2-Step Injection in 65nm CMOS","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921293232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662403","mag":"2921293232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2019.8662403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662403","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041684992","display_name":"Karim M. Megawer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-8148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim M. Megawer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022341159","display_name":"Nilanjan Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-8986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilanjan Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045287571","display_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086760414","display_name":"Mostafa G. Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-4713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa G. Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005962057","display_name":"Amr Khashaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-7271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Khashaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043491374","display_name":"Danielle Griffith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3686-6714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74760111","display_name":"Texas Instruments (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vsmv677","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74760111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danielle Griffith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74760111"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101993312","display_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7424-1075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93859567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"302","last_page":"304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10369","display_name":"Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","score":0.4252821207046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4088521897792816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40040770173072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0721370279788971}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21921428","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4252821207046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4088521897792816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40040770173072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0721370279788971}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2019.8662403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2019.8662403","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2278770857","https://openalex.org/W2291700046","https://openalex.org/W2464522166","https://openalex.org/W2768611056","https://openalex.org/W6694936606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"start-up":[1],"time":[2],"of":[3,16,42,65,157,169,182,281,337,350],"crystal":[4,46,73],"oscillators":[5,277],"(TSTART)":[6],"is":[7,69,80,230,265,334],"a":[8,40,99,112,158,262,286,312,351],"major":[9],"bottleneck":[10],"in":[11,143,152,166,178,196,269,311,346],"reducing":[12],"the":[13,26,45,63,66,72,108,118,140,146,155,167,179,183,273,316,326,338],"average":[14],"power":[15],"heavily":[17],"duty-cycled":[18],"wireless":[19],"/wireline":[20],"communication":[21],"systems":[22],"[1].":[23],"Among":[24],"all":[25],"reported":[27],"schemes":[28],"to":[29,50,59,71,82,205,217,267,299,329,348],"reduce":[30,164],"TSTART,":[31,302],"techniques":[32],"that":[33,154,176,264,291,349],"increase":[34,105],"initial":[35],"noise":[36],"amplitude":[37,221],"by":[38],"injecting":[39],"surge":[41],"energy":[43],"into":[44],"resonator":[47],"are":[48,57],"shown":[49,151,195],"be":[51,60,173,208,256],"most":[52],"effective":[53],"[1-3].":[54],"These":[55],"approaches":[56],"proven":[58],"robust":[61,287],"if":[62],"frequency":[64,76,110,120],"injection":[67,109,119,160,289],"signal":[68],"equal":[70],"oscillator":[74,114],"(XO)":[75],"(FINJ=":[77],"FX0),":[78],"which":[79,215,333],"difficult":[81,266],"achieve":[83],"across":[84,325],"PVT":[85],"with":[86,259,272],"on-chip":[87,276],"oscillators.":[88],"Any":[89],"mismatch":[90],"(\u0394F":[91],"=":[92,192,226,244],"FINJ-":[93],"FX0)":[94],"even":[95,271],"as":[96,98,194,231,233],"small":[97,201,218,257],"few":[100],"100":[101],"ppm":[102],"can":[103,207,241,292],"greatly":[104,250],"TSTART.":[106,252],"Sweeping":[107],"using":[111],"chirp":[113],"[2]":[115],"or":[116],"dithering":[117],"between":[121],"two":[122],"values":[123],"[1]can":[124],"partially":[125],"alleviate":[126],"this":[127,134],"issue":[128],"but":[129],"because":[130],"\u0394F":[131,206,229,246,254,295],"\u2260":[132],"0,":[133],"only":[135,210],"reduces":[136],"TSTARTto":[137],"about":[138],"14\u00d7":[139],"theoretical":[141,300,339],"minimum":[142,301,340],"[2].":[144],"On":[145],"other":[147],"hand,":[148],"it":[149],"was":[150],"[3]":[153],"use":[156],"precise":[159],"period":[161],"TINJ,OPTcan":[162],"help":[163],"TSTARTeven":[165],"presence":[168],"large":[170,203,232,294,303],"\u0394F.":[171],"TINJ,OPTmust":[172],"chosen":[174],"such":[175],"current":[177],"motional":[180],"branch":[181],"resonator,":[184],"im(t),":[185],"reaches":[186],"its":[187],"steady-state":[188],"value,":[189],"Im,SS(im(TINJ,":[190],"OPT)":[191,225],"Im,SS)":[193],"Fig.":[197],"18.5.1":[198],"[3].":[199],"However,":[200,235],"TSTARTand":[202],"tolerance":[204],"achieved":[209],"when":[211,228],"Im,SSis":[212],"very":[213],"small,":[214],"translates":[216],"XO":[219,318],"output":[220,304],"(VXOSTART\u2248":[222],"TINJ,OPTbecause":[223],"im(TINJ,":[224],"Im,SS1even":[227],"1000ppm.":[234],"for":[236],"Im,SS2>":[237],"Im,SS1,":[238],"no":[239],"TINJ":[240],"ensure":[242],"im(TINJ)":[243],"Im,SS2if":[245],">":[247],"1000ppm,":[248],"thus":[249],"increasing":[251],"Therefore,":[253],"must":[255],"(XOeven":[258],"precisely-timed":[260],"injection,":[261],"condition":[263],"meet":[268],"practice":[270],"best-reported":[274],"temperature-compensated":[275],"[4].":[278],"In":[279],"view":[280],"these":[282],"drawbacks,":[283],"we":[284],"present":[285],"2-step":[288],"technique":[290],"tolerate":[293],"and":[296,306,341],"achieves":[297,319],"close":[298],"swing":[305],"excellent":[307],"phase":[308],"noise.":[309],"Fabricated":[310],"65nm":[313],"CMOS":[314],"process,":[315],"prototype":[317],"TSTARTof":[320],"less":[321],"than":[322],"20":[323],"\u03bcs":[324],"-":[327],"40\u00b0C":[328],"85\u00b0C":[330],"temperature":[331],"range,":[332],"within":[335],"1.5\u00d7":[336],"represents":[342],"an":[343],"over-30\u00d7":[344],"reduction":[345],"TSTARTcompared":[347],"normal/uninjected":[352],"XO.":[353]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}