{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794441083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","title":"A 5GHz 370fsrms 6.5mW clock multiplier using a crystal-oscillator frequency quadrupler in 65nm CMOS","display_name":"A 5GHz 370fsrms 6.5mW clock multiplier using a crystal-oscillator frequency quadrupler in 65nm CMOS","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794441083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","mag":"2794441083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Solid - State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041684992","display_name":"Karim M. Megawer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-8148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim M. Megawer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois System, Urbana, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois System, Urbana, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045287571","display_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047644129","display_name":"Daniel Coombs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8038-6278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Coombs","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086760414","display_name":"Mostafa G. Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-4713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa G. Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070838670","display_name":"Ahmed Elmallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0285-9957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elmallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036789252","display_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6233-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2427,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95288235,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"392","last_page":"394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.48975586891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4008350372314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3431488871574402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.48975586891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4008350372314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3431488871574402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Solid - State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066871406","https://openalex.org/W2175048562","https://openalex.org/W2290934758","https://openalex.org/W2291102602","https://openalex.org/W2462522525","https://openalex.org/W2594705442","https://openalex.org/W6696509207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase":[0],"noise":[1,22,32,210],"performance":[2,95,140],"of":[3,23,41,99,127,137,170,180,222],"ring-oscillator-based":[4],"(RO-based)":[5],"clock":[6,25,42,70,106,130],"multipliers":[7,26,71],"is":[8,27],"typically":[9],"limited":[10,48],"by":[11,28,49,119],"oscillator":[12,31],"noise.":[13],"The":[14,203],"most":[15],"power-efficient":[16],"method":[17,175],"for":[18],"improving":[19],"the":[20,30,39,44,50,84,89,97,116,122,128,135,147,178,220],"phase":[21],"such":[24,158],"increasing":[29,115],"suppression":[33],"bandwidth":[34,221],"(FBW).":[35],"While":[36,150],"FBWdepends":[37],"on":[38],"type":[40],"multiplier,":[43],"maximum":[45],"achievable":[46],"FBWis":[47],"reference":[51,104],"frequency":[52,179,212],"(Fref).":[53],"For":[54],"instance,":[55],"in":[56,86,91,146],"phase-locked":[57],"loops":[58,65],"(PLLs)":[59],"FBW=":[60],"Fref/10,":[61],"while":[62],"multiplying":[63],"delay-locked":[64],"(MDLLs)":[66],"[1]":[67,87],"and":[68,78,88,107,124,186,214,224],"injection-locked":[69],"(ILCMs)":[72],"[2]":[73,92],"can":[74,215],"achieve":[75],"FBWof":[76],"Fref/4":[77],"Fref/6,":[79],"respectively.":[80],"Exploiting":[81],"this":[82],"behavior,":[83],"MDLL":[85],"ILCM":[90,193],"achieved":[93],"excellent":[94],"at":[96,134,199],"expense":[98],"using":[100,120,190],"a":[101,108,163,174,181,200,208],"high-frequency":[102],"low-noise":[103],"(REF)":[105],"small":[109],"multiplication":[110],"factor":[111],"(Nrefin":[112],"MDLLs/ILCMs":[113],"involves":[114],"injection":[117],"rate":[118],"both":[121],"positive":[123],"negative":[125],"edges":[126],"REF":[129,148],"[3,":[131],"4]":[132],"but":[133],"cost":[136],"making":[138],"jitter/spurious":[139],"susceptible":[141],"to":[142,156,176,218],"duty":[143],"cycle":[144],"errors":[145],"clock.":[149],"[3]":[151],"demonstrated":[152],"an":[153,191],"effective":[154],"means":[155],"correct":[157],"errors,":[159],"it":[160],"still":[161],"needed":[162],"relatively":[164],"high":[165],"Frefof":[166],"125MHz.":[167],"In":[168],"view":[169],"this,":[171],"we":[172],"present":[173],"quadruple":[177],"conventional":[182],"54MHz":[183],"Pierce":[184],"XO":[185,211],"demonstrate":[187],"its":[188],"application":[189],"RO-based":[192],"achieving":[194],"less":[195],"than":[196],"370fsrmsintegrated":[197],"jitter":[198],"5GHz":[201],"output.":[202],"proposed":[204],"quadrupler":[205],"acts":[206],"as":[207],"low":[209],"multiplier":[213],"be":[216],"used":[217],"increase":[219],"MDLLs":[223],"ring/LC-based":[225],"integer-or":[226],"fractional-N":[227],"PLLs":[228],"also.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}