{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794441083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","title":"A 5GHz 370fs<inf>rms</inf> 6.5mW clock multiplier using a crystal-oscillator frequency quadrupler in 65nm CMOS","display_name":"A 5GHz 370fs<inf>rms</inf> 6.5mW clock multiplier using a crystal-oscillator frequency quadrupler in 65nm CMOS","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794441083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","mag":"2794441083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Solid - State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041684992","display_name":"Karim M. Megawer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-8148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karim M. Megawer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois System, Urbana, IL, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois System, Urbana, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045287571","display_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030380159","display_name":"Daniel Coombs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Coombs","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086760414","display_name":"Mostafa G. Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-4713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa G. Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070838670","display_name":"Ahmed Elmallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0285-9957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elmallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036789252","display_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6233-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801919071","display_name":"University of Illinois System","ror":"https://ror.org/05e94g991","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavan Kumar Hanumolu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041684992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801919071"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82297034,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"392","last_page":"394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.48975586891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4008350372314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3431488871574402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.48975586891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4008350372314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3431488871574402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2018.8310349","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Solid - State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066871406","https://openalex.org/W2175048562","https://openalex.org/W2290934758","https://openalex.org/W2291102602","https://openalex.org/W2462522525","https://openalex.org/W2594705442","https://openalex.org/W6696509207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase":[0],"noise":[1,22,32,266],"performance":[2,131,188],"of":[3,23,49,104,135,175,185,218,222,232,278],"ring-oscillator-based":[4],"(RO-based)":[5],"clock":[6,25,50,94,142,178],"multipliers":[7,26,95],"is":[8,27,59],"typically":[9],"limited":[10,60],"by":[11,28,61,167],"oscillator":[12,31],"noise.":[13],"The":[14,259],"most":[15],"power-efficient":[16],"method":[17,227],"for":[18],"improving":[19],"the":[20,30,47,52,62,120,125,133,164,170,176,183,195,230,276],"phase":[21],"such":[24,206],"increasing":[29,163],"suppression":[33],"bandwidth":[34,277],"(F":[35,65],"BW":[38,44,58,79,103],").":[39,69],"While":[40,198],"F":[41,55,76,81,100,105,111,156,214],"depends":[45],"on":[46],"type":[48],"multiplier,":[51],"maximum":[53],"achievable":[54],"reference":[63,140],"frequency":[64,231,268],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ref":[68,84,108,114,159,217],"For":[70],"instance,":[71],"in":[72,122,127,160,194],"phase-locked":[73],"loops":[74,89],"(PLLs)":[75],"=":[80],"/10,":[85],"while":[86],"multiplying":[87],"delay-locked":[88],"(MDLLs)":[90],"[1]":[91,123],"and":[92,110,124,143,172,238,270,280],"injection-locked":[93],"(ILCMs)":[96],"[2]":[97,128],"can":[98,271],"achieve":[99],"/4":[109],"/6,":[115],"respectively.":[116],"Exploiting":[117],"this":[118],"behavior,":[119],"MDLL":[121],"ILCM":[126,245],"achieved":[129],"excellent":[130],"at":[132,182,255],"expense":[134],"using":[136,168,242],"a":[137,144,211,226,233,256,264],"high-frequency":[138],"low-noise":[139],"(REF)":[141],"small":[145],"multiplication":[146],"factor":[147],"(N":[148],"<":[149],"10).":[150],"One":[151],"promising":[152],"way":[153],"to":[154,190,204,228,274],"reduce":[155],"MDLLs/ILCMs":[161],"involves":[162],"injection":[165],"rate":[166],"both":[169],"positive":[171],"negative":[173],"edges":[174],"REF":[177,196],"[3,":[179],"4]":[180],"but":[181],"cost":[184],"making":[186],"jitter/spurious":[187],"susceptible":[189],"duty":[191],"cycle":[192],"errors":[193],"clock.":[197],"[3]":[199],"demonstrated":[200],"an":[201,243],"effective":[202],"means":[203],"correct":[205],"errors,":[207],"it":[208],"still":[209],"needed":[210],"relatively":[212],"high":[213],"125MHz.":[219],"In":[220],"view":[221],"this,":[223],"we":[224],"present":[225],"quadruple":[229],"conventional":[234],"54MHz":[235],"Pierce":[236],"XO":[237,267],"demonstrate":[239],"its":[240],"application":[241],"RO-based":[244],"achieving":[246],"less":[247],"than":[248],"370fs":[249],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">rms":[252],"integrated":[253],"jitter":[254],"5GHz":[257],"output.":[258],"proposed":[260],"quadrupler":[261],"acts":[262],"as":[263],"low":[265],"multiplier":[269],"be":[272],"used":[273],"increase":[275],"MDLLs":[279],"ring/LC-based":[281],"integer-or":[282],"fractional-N":[283],"PLLs":[284],"also.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}