{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062996337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487765","title":"A 33.6-to-46.2GHz 32nm CMOS VCO with 177.5dBc/Hz minimum noise FOM using inductor splitting for tuning extension","display_name":"A 33.6-to-46.2GHz 32nm CMOS VCO with 177.5dBc/Hz minimum noise FOM using inductor splitting for tuning extension","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062996337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487765","mag":"2062996337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2013.6487765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487765","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069013335","display_name":"Enrico Mammei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. Mammei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","University of Pavia, Pavia / Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia, Pavia / Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086757564","display_name":"Enrico Monaco","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Monaco","raw_affiliation_strings":["STMicroelectronics, Pavia, Italy","STMicroelectron., Pavia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectron., Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028768895","display_name":"Andrea Mazzanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-1942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mazzanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","University of Pavia, Pavia / Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia, Pavia / Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050581786","display_name":"Francesco Svelto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Svelto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","University of Pavia, Pavia / Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia, Pavia / Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069013335"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95596382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"350","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.7151625752449036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.7033571004867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5908029675483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductor","display_name":"Inductor","score":0.5780537128448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5525684952735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.5153536200523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4670350253582001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.44290050864219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-factor","display_name":"Q factor","score":0.4284753203392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36935707926750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29557809233665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2330017387866974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.7151625752449036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.7033571004867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5908029675483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144534570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5325","display_name":"Inductor","level":3,"score":0.5780537128448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5525684952735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.5153536200523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4670350253582001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.44290050864219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187725362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830521","display_name":"Q factor","level":3,"score":0.4284753203392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36935707926750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29557809233665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2330017387866974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2013.6487765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487765","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035821760","https://openalex.org/W2081874770","https://openalex.org/W2109164192","https://openalex.org/W2131569855","https://openalex.org/W2138944417","https://openalex.org/W2169559493","https://openalex.org/W6659570737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3129408886","https://openalex.org/W4233090067","https://openalex.org/W2365946217","https://openalex.org/W1964543336","https://openalex.org/W2368638770","https://openalex.org/W2285615337","https://openalex.org/W2365449259","https://openalex.org/W2057338677","https://openalex.org/W2061664740","https://openalex.org/W1987353379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Signal":[0],"processing":[1],"in":[2,11,96,184,187,220,284,312],"ultra-wide":[3,48],"bandwidths":[4],"is":[5,58,93,112,147,191,202,223,246,251,261],"one":[6],"of":[7,14,87,151,156,167,181,216,278,298],"the":[8,12,36,85,91,117,143,152,165,192,199,213,217,232,235,249,279,288,325],"key":[9,70],"challenges":[10],"design":[13],"multi-Gb/s":[15],"wireless":[16],"transceivers":[17],"at":[18,164,300],"mm-Waves,":[19],"where":[20,69,142],"channels":[21],"covering":[22],"57GHz":[23],"to":[24,32,41,90,103,254,269],"66GHz":[25],"are":[26,208],"specified.":[27],"Further":[28],"considering":[29],"spreads":[30],"due":[31,253],"process":[33,99,319],"variations":[34],"and":[35,51,174,185,273],"stringent":[37],"reference":[38],"phase":[39,296],"noise":[40,176,297],"ensure":[42],"signal":[43],"integrity":[44],"calls":[45],"for":[46,101],"an":[47,64,188,244,313],"tuning":[49,133,140,161,195,271,293],"range":[50,260,272],"low-noise":[52],"on-chip":[53],"oscillator.":[54],"Meeting":[55],"this":[56,211],"target":[57],"even":[59],"more":[60],"challenging":[61],"when":[62,205,248],"adopting":[63],"ultra-scaled":[65,314],"CMOS":[66,286,318],"technology":[67],"node":[68,84],"passive":[71],"components":[72],"suffer":[73],"from":[74,303],"a":[75,82,97,157,168],"reduced":[76],"quality":[77,200],"factor":[78,201],"(Q)":[79],"[1].":[80],"In":[81,210,242],"32nm":[83,285,315],"thickness":[86],"metals":[88],"closer":[89],"substrate":[92],"half":[94,108],"that":[95],"65nm":[98],"leading,":[100],"example,":[102],"MOM":[104],"capacitors":[105,182],"with":[106,171,305],"roughly":[107],"Q.":[109],"The":[110,258],"penalty":[111],"only":[113,126],"marginally":[114],"compensated":[115],"by":[116,127,230],"higher":[118],"transistor":[119],"f":[120],"<sub":[121,238],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[122,239],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t</sub>":[123],",":[124],"improved":[125],"~20%.":[128],"Various":[129],"techniques":[130],"exploiting":[131],"alternative":[132],"implementations":[134],"have":[135,281],"been":[136,282],"published":[137],"recently.":[138],"Magnetic":[139],"methods":[141],"equivalent":[144],"tank":[145,172,190,215,266],"inductance":[146],"varied":[148],"through":[149,234],"reflection":[150],"secondary":[153],"coil":[154],"impedance":[155],"transformer":[158],"demonstrate":[159],"outstanding":[160],"ranges":[162,207],"but":[163],"cost":[166],"severe":[169],"trade-off":[170],"Q":[173,267],"poor":[175],"FOMs":[177],"[2,3].":[178],"A":[179],"bank":[180],"switched":[183],"out":[186],"LC":[189],"most":[193],"popular":[194],"approach":[196],"[4-6].":[197],"However":[198],"severely":[203],"degraded,":[204],"large":[206,270],"involved.":[209],"work,":[212],"switched-capacitor":[214],"VCO":[218,280],"shown":[219],"Fig.":[221],"20.3.1":[222],"centered":[224],"around":[225],"two":[226],"different":[227],"resonance":[228],"frequencies":[229],"splitting":[231],"inductor":[233],"switch":[236,250],"M":[237],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">sw</sub>":[240],".":[241],"particular,":[243],"up-shift":[245],"produced":[247],"off":[252],"its":[255],"parasitic":[256],"capacitance.":[257],"frequency":[259,292],"significantly":[262],"increased":[263],"without":[264,320],"compromising":[265],"leading":[268],"high":[274],"FOM":[275],"simultaneously.":[276],"Prototypes":[277],"realized":[283,311],"showing":[287],"following":[289],"performances:":[290],"31.6%":[291],"range,":[294],"minimum":[295],"-118dBc/Hz":[299],"10MHz":[301],"offset":[302],"40GHz":[304],"9.8mW":[306],"power":[307],"dissipation.":[308],"Despite":[309],"being":[310],"standard":[316],"digital":[317],"RF":[321],"thick":[322],"metal":[323],"options,":[324],"oscillator":[326],"shows":[327],"state-of-the-art":[328],"performances.":[329]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}