{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2082927448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487763","title":"A 2.5-to-3.3GHz CMOS Class-D VCO","display_name":"A 2.5-to-3.3GHz CMOS Class-D VCO","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2082927448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487763","mag":"2082927448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2013.6487763","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487763","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045073114","display_name":"Luca Fanori","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. Fanori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University, Lund, Sweden","\u2021Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047425433","display_name":"Pietro Andreani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9640-9908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Andreani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University, Lund, Sweden","\u2021Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045073114"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9211508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"346","last_page":"347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.8525445461273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7466116547584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.6867133378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductor","display_name":"Inductor","score":0.5641863942146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.544738233089447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5003304481506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.48658788204193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lc-circuit","display_name":"LC circuit","score":0.4437028169631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.437322199344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4248894155025482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4139825999736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3392640948295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.2681131064891815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2229723334312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.07258614897727966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.8525445461273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7466116547584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.6867133378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144534570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5325","display_name":"Inductor","level":3,"score":0.5641863942146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.544738233089447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5003304481506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.48658788204193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34627536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732473","display_name":"LC circuit","level":4,"score":0.4437028169631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.437322199344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4248894155025482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4139825999736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3392640948295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.2681131064891815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2229723334312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07258614897727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2013.6487763","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2013.6487763","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998668465","https://openalex.org/W2082739159","https://openalex.org/W2088606459","https://openalex.org/W2104340505","https://openalex.org/W2135143797","https://openalex.org/W2152190309","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3129408886","https://openalex.org/W2150770499","https://openalex.org/W4390871132","https://openalex.org/W1990053352","https://openalex.org/W2024671495","https://openalex.org/W2007673172","https://openalex.org/W2091105689","https://openalex.org/W2369736899","https://openalex.org/W2140786777","https://openalex.org/W2896295575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"consumption":[1,50],"in":[2,67,89],"LC":[3,101],"oscillators":[4,58],"for":[5,51,73],"wireless":[6],"communications":[7],"is":[8],"a":[9,52,90,104,110],"popular":[10],"research":[11],"topic,":[12],"where":[13],"the":[14,22,25,43,123],"Class-C":[15],"oscillator":[16,28,45],"has":[17,86,109],"been":[18,60,87],"proposed":[19],"to":[20,32,46,71],"improve":[21],"efficiency":[23],"of":[24,112],"standard":[26,91],"Class-B":[27],"(most":[29],"often":[30],"referred":[31],"as":[33],"cross-coupled":[34],"differential-pair":[35],"LC-tank":[36],"oscillator).":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"work,":[40],"we":[41],"introduce":[42],"Class-D":[44,57],"further":[47],"reduce":[48],"power":[49,125],"desired":[53],"phase":[54],"noise":[55],"level.":[56],"have":[59],"known":[61],"since":[62],"1959,":[63],"but":[64],"their":[65],"use":[66],"GHz":[68],"applications":[69],"had":[70],"wait":[72],"nm":[74],"CMOS":[75,93],"processes":[76],"offering":[77],"excellent":[78],"switches":[79],"with":[80],"manageable":[81],"parasitic":[82],"capacitances.":[83],"The":[84,100],"VCO":[85],"designed":[88],"65nm":[92],"process":[94],"without":[95],"any":[96],"thick":[97],"metal":[98],"layer.":[99],"tank,":[102],"employing":[103],"single-turn":[105],"four-finger":[106],"0.59nH":[107],"inductor,":[108],"Q":[111],"10-11":[113],"at":[114],"3GHz,":[115],"estimated":[116],"from":[117],"post-layout":[118],"simulations":[119],"(including":[120],"PCB)":[121],"fitting":[122],"measured":[124],"consumption.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
