{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056405461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2012.6176891","title":"A 0.028% THD+N, 91% power-efficiency, 3-level PWM Class-D amplifier with a true differential front-end","display_name":"A 0.028% THD+N, 91% power-efficiency, 3-level PWM Class-D amplifier with a true differential front-end","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056405461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2012.6176891","mag":"2056405461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2012.6176891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2012.6176891","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107857879","display_name":"Sunwoo Kwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sunwoo Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043583802","display_name":"Injeong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6545-2425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Injeong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi, South Korea","Samsung Electronics, Kyunggi\u2010Do, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Gyeonggi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Kyunggi\u2010Do, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080461650","display_name":"Shinyoung Yi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinyoung Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020876471","display_name":"Sangheyub Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangheyub Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100611399","display_name":"Sangheon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8620-8213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangheon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111894012","display_name":"Tae-Ho Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taeho Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058991289","display_name":"Byoungkwon Moon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byoungkwon Moon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101812286","display_name":"Yunyoung Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-3951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyoung Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053033848","display_name":"Hosung Sung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hosung Sung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017560023","display_name":"Jinseok Koh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111902","display_name":"Dongbu HiTek (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/018z3cr21","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinseok Koh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek Company Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongbu Hitek, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107857879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111902"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.982,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78475982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.8161673545837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-harmonic-distortion","display_name":"Total harmonic distortion","score":0.6832391023635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.6747549176216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4936734139919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4751805365085602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-added-efficiency","display_name":"Power-added efficiency","score":0.4473589062690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.44698596000671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4263771176338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4251555800437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.420250803232193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-amplifier","display_name":"Operational amplifier","score":0.41147732734680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.40109410881996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29949039220809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2393517792224884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.23466536402702332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.22967439889907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19903677701950073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.10608041286468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.07809779047966003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.8161673545837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42156128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162641","display_name":"Total harmonic distortion","level":3,"score":0.6832391023635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.6747549176216125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4936734139919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4751805365085602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129231560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236462","display_name":"Power-added efficiency","level":5,"score":0.4473589062690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.44698596000671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4263771176338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4251555800437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.420250803232193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145366948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178947","display_name":"Operational amplifier","level":4,"score":0.41147732734680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.40109410881996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29949039220809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2393517792224884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.23466536402702332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.22967439889907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19903677701950073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.10608041286468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.07809779047966003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2012.6176891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2012.6176891","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963984605","https://openalex.org/W1965142699","https://openalex.org/W2099944833","https://openalex.org/W2116455575","https://openalex.org/W2147143227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987737951","https://openalex.org/W2034404768","https://openalex.org/W2099579143","https://openalex.org/W4312338346","https://openalex.org/W2497953394","https://openalex.org/W141098887","https://openalex.org/W2002927464","https://openalex.org/W2167031360","https://openalex.org/W2036220289","https://openalex.org/W1542427728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,24],"Class-D":[1,26],"amplifier":[2,27],"(CDA)":[3],"is":[4],"best":[5],"suitable":[6],"for":[7],"audio":[8],"mobile":[9],"applications":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,18,45,52,73,79],"its":[13],"high-power":[14],"efficiency,":[15],"thus":[16],"enabling":[17],"remove":[19],"a":[20,29,42,47,66,68,113,118,123],"bulky":[21,43],"heat":[22],"sink.":[23],"traditional":[25],"uses":[28],"2-level":[30],"output":[31],"switching":[32,70,87],"scheme.":[33],"There":[34],"typically":[35],"exist":[36],"an":[37],"external":[38],"LC":[39],"filter":[40],"and":[41,51,96,122],"capacitor":[44],"block":[46],"DC":[48],"average":[49],"current":[50],"protect":[53],"the":[54,57,61,75,81,85,105],"speaker":[55],"from":[56],"current,":[58],"which":[59],"increases":[60],"bill":[62],"of":[63,92,107],"materials.":[64],"As":[65],"remedy,":[67],"3-level":[69,86,101],"scheme":[71,88],"allows":[72],"eliminate":[74],"filters,":[76],"hence":[77],"helping":[78],"reduce":[80],"system":[82],"cost.":[83],"Moreover,":[84],"provides":[89],"additional":[90],"benefits":[91],"less":[93],"electromagnetic":[94],"interference":[95],"better":[97],"power":[98],"efficiency.":[99],"The":[100],"approach":[102],"prevails":[103],"with":[104],"help":[106],"various":[108],"modulation":[109,115],"techniques":[110],"such":[111],"as":[112],"pulse-width":[114],"(PWM)":[116],"[1,2],":[117],"sliding-mode":[119],"control":[120],"[3],":[121],"uniform":[124],"PWM":[125],"[4]":[126],"method.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}