{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061475693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746406","title":"A 1.7mW 11b 1–1–1 MASH ΔΣ time-to-digital converter","display_name":"A 1.7mW 11b 1–1–1 MASH ΔΣ time-to-digital converter","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061475693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746406","mag":"2061475693"},"language":"fr","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2011.5746406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746406","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/297706","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011961584","display_name":"Ying Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-0656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114391","display_name":"Belgian Nuclear Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/020xs5r81","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016595959","display_name":"Paul Leroux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-2428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Leroux","raw_affiliation_strings":["K. H. Kempen, Geel, Belgium","KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"K. H. Kempen, Geel, Belgium","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107442903","display_name":"Wouter De Cock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-2847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114391","display_name":"Belgian Nuclear Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/020xs5r81","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114391"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wouter De Cock","raw_affiliation_strings":["SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051481722","display_name":"Michiel Steyaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-8325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michiel Steyaert","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1357,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95643567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"480","last_page":"482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6871176362037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.6711056232452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.5753766894340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5432939529418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.5187016725540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.50928795337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernier-scale","display_name":"Vernier scale","score":0.4589982032775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.4560948610305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4240371882915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.29617077112197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2861599028110504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2850033640861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.0853828489780426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6871176362037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6711056232452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.5753766894340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5432939529418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.5187016725540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.50928795337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69710193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946576","display_name":"Vernier scale","level":2,"score":0.4589982032775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.4560948610305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4240371882915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.29617077112197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2861599028110504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2850033640861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.0853828489780426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2011.5746406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746406","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/297706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/297706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 20-24 February 2011","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/297706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/297706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 20-24 February 2011","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016253482","https://openalex.org/W2096434843","https://openalex.org/W2126344173","https://openalex.org/W2152144298","https://openalex.org/W2166268103","https://openalex.org/W2760813568","https://openalex.org/W6654468519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158414702","https://openalex.org/W2992346850","https://openalex.org/W2129773844","https://openalex.org/W2415980476","https://openalex.org/W2401428732","https://openalex.org/W2044826848","https://openalex.org/W2290610940","https://openalex.org/W4390188388","https://openalex.org/W3005757405","https://openalex.org/W2034850409"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"high-resolution":[1],"TDCs":[2,30],"have":[3],"gained":[4],"more":[5,7],"and":[6,20,41,83,123,149,156,171],"popularity":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,25,62,98,136,177,180],"their":[11],"increasing":[12],"implementation":[13],"in":[14,118,142],"digital":[15],"PLLs,":[16],"ADCs,":[17,26],"jitter":[18],"measurement":[19,22],"time-of-flight":[21],"units.":[23],"Similar":[24],"existing":[27],"architectures":[28],"of":[29,49,158,173],"can":[31],"be":[32,178],"divided":[33],"into":[34],"several":[35],"categories:":[36],"flash":[37],"TDCs,":[38,40],"pipeline":[39],"SAR":[42],"TDCs.":[43],"The":[44,92],"highest":[45],"achievable":[46],"time":[47,89,101,140],"resolution":[48,141],"a":[50,138,159,187],"TDC":[51,135,175],"is":[52,69,96],"mainly":[53],"limited":[54],"by":[55,77,185],"the":[56,66,73,84,88,128,134,152,167,174,181],"CMOS":[57,109,189],"gate":[58,110],"delay.":[59],"In":[60,164],"order":[61],"achieve":[63,99,137],"sub-gate-delay":[64],"resolution,":[65,102],"Vernier":[67],"method":[68,95],"commonly":[70],"used.":[71],"However,":[72],"mismatch":[74],"problem":[75],"caused":[76],"process":[78],"variation":[79],"limits":[80],"its":[81],"effectiveness,":[82],"same":[85],"holds":[86],"for":[87],"amplification":[90],"method.":[91],"gated-ring-oscillator":[93],"(GRO)":[94],"introduced":[97],"sub-ps":[100],"but":[103],"it":[104],"still":[105],"requires":[106],"an":[107],"equivalent":[108],"delay":[111,157],"as":[112,114,127],"low":[113],"6ps.":[115],"Upcoming":[116],"applications":[117],"4,h-generation":[119],"nuclear":[120],"reactors,":[121],"space,":[122],"high-energy":[124],"physics":[125],"such":[126],"large":[129],"Hadron":[130],"collider":[131],"(LHC),":[132],"require":[133],"high":[139,146,168],"harsh":[143],"environments":[144],"with":[145],"tem":[147],"perature":[148],"radiation,":[150],"where":[151],"threshold":[153],"voltage,":[154],"transconductance,":[155],"transistor":[160],"undergo":[161],"dramatic":[162],"changes.":[163],"these":[165],"cases,":[166],"accu":[169],"racy":[170],"robustness":[172],"need":[176],"inherent":[179],"design":[182],"rather":[183],"than":[184],"employing":[186],"fast":[188],"technology.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}