{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053850686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746334","title":"Bidirectional OLED microdisplay: Combining display and image sensor functionality into a monolithic CMOS chip","display_name":"Bidirectional OLED microdisplay: Combining display and image sensor functionality into a monolithic CMOS chip","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053850686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746334","mag":"2053850686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2011.5746334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110788153","display_name":"Bernd Richter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Richter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007331796","display_name":"Uwe Vogel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Vogel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030596209","display_name":"Rigo Herold","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rigo Herold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090437328","display_name":"Karsten Fehse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-6639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karsten Fehse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044742663","display_name":"Stephan Brenner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Brenner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036024816","display_name":"L. Kroker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Kroker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028038991","display_name":"Judith Baumgarten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Baumgarten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93566341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"314","last_page":"316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10611","display_name":"Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7925073504447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oled","display_name":"OLED","score":0.6575976610183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6574773788452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6370437741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5655190348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.561854898929596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/display-resolution","display_name":"Display resolution","score":0.5233327746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.4933861792087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4537109434604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.41655442118644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4115849733352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30990737676620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/display-device","display_name":"Display device","score":0.2804577648639679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.25304555892944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.21979722380638123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07687970995903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.06413176655769348}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7925073504447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150759737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209593","display_name":"OLED","level":3,"score":0.6575976610183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6574773788452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6370437741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5655190348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.561854898929596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71597744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12538706","display_name":"Display resolution","level":3,"score":0.5233327746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.4933861792087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4537109434604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.41655442118644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4115849733352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30990737676620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164597639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327065","display_name":"Display device","level":2,"score":0.2804577648639679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.25304555892944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.21979722380638123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07687970995903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.06413176655769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isscc.2011.5746334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2011.5746334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/372116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/372116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990412429","https://openalex.org/W2009545239","https://openalex.org/W2786602045","https://openalex.org/W6747876525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966119149","https://openalex.org/W2099015120","https://openalex.org/W2466718138","https://openalex.org/W2347245756","https://openalex.org/W2351312630","https://openalex.org/W2028671992","https://openalex.org/W3139631222","https://openalex.org/W2367429071","https://openalex.org/W2020270528","https://openalex.org/W2183250885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,9,16,24,40,57,80],"bidirectional":[4],"OLED":[5],"microdisplay":[6],"(BiMi)":[7],"with":[8,20,31,60],"mono":[10],"chrome":[11],"320x240":[12],"(QVGA)":[13],"display":[14,47,85],"and":[15,52],"nested":[17,58],"image":[18],"sensor":[19],"160x120":[21],"pixels":[22],"in":[23,49,56,71],"commercially":[25],"available":[26],"0.35\u03bcm":[27],"3.3V/12V":[28],"CMOS":[29],"process":[30],"customized":[32],"top":[33],"metal.":[34],"The":[35],"BiMi":[36],"was":[37,77],"designed":[38],"as":[39],"universal":[41],"prototype":[42],"for":[43],"evaluating":[44],"the":[45,53,66,74],"necessary":[46],"parameters":[48],"see-through":[50,72],"HMDs":[51],"eye-tracking":[54],"capabilities":[55],"setup":[59],"relatively":[61],"low":[62],"resolution.":[63,97],"Because":[64],"of":[65,83,95],"varying":[67],"ambient":[68],"light":[69],"levels":[70],"applications":[73],"main":[75],"target":[76],"to":[78,89],"achieve":[79],"wide":[81],"range":[82],"possible":[84],"luminances":[86],"from":[87],"100":[88],"10000Cd/m":[90],"<sup":[91],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[92],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[93],"instead":[94],"high":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
