{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410887443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed65160.2025.11014474","title":"Exploring Parallel Implementation of SPHINCS<sup>+</sup> Using Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) Sets","display_name":"Exploring Parallel Implementation of SPHINCS<sup>+</sup> Using Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) Sets","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410887443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed65160.2025.11014474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed65160.2025.11014474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed65160.2025.11014474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 26th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071041886","display_name":"Y. Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-554X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoyun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Merced,Department of EECS,Merced,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Merced,Department of EECS,Merced,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117770587","display_name":"Kavin Rajasekaran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kavin Rajasekaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Merced,Department of EECS,Merced,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Merced,Department of EECS,Merced,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391044","display_name":"Qian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2447-111X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Merced,Department of Electrical Engineering,Merced,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Merced,Department of Electrical Engineering,Merced,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.5586000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.5586000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5005497932434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.43053215742111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.36516767740249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics","display_name":"Nuclear physics","score":0.33971062302589417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5005497932434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.43053215742111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.36516767740249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.33971062302589417}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed65160.2025.11014474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed65160.2025.11014474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 26th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2094969361","https://openalex.org/W2146537406","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2790708652","https://openalex.org/W2912890068","https://openalex.org/W2950188425","https://openalex.org/W2987483625","https://openalex.org/W3092548444","https://openalex.org/W3175994455","https://openalex.org/W4392502209","https://openalex.org/W6608201162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SPHINCS<sup":[0],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">+</sup>":[2],"is":[3,37],"a":[4,60,108,114,130],"hash-based":[5],"signature":[6,26],"scheme":[7],"and":[8,20,85,102,118,163],"the":[9,15,32,51,124,134,146,164,171],"only":[10],"non-lattice-based":[11],"algorithm":[12],"selected":[13],"for":[14,31,92,149],"National":[16],"Institute":[17],"of":[18,53,59,67,116,139,145,166],"Standards":[19],"Technology":[21],"(NIST)":[22],"standardization":[23],"among":[24],"digital":[25],"schemes":[27,48],"to":[28,77,156],"be":[29],"upgraded":[30],"post-quantum":[33],"era.":[34],"Its":[35],"security":[36],"based":[38],"on":[39],"well-studied":[40],"hash":[41,68,89],"functions":[42],"offering":[43],"an":[44,143],"advantage":[45],"over":[46],"other":[47,78],"by":[49],"reducing":[50],"risk":[52],"being":[54],"compromised.":[55],"However,":[56],"SPHINCS+":[57],"comprises":[58],"complex":[61],"multi-tree":[62],"structure":[63],"that":[64,107],"requires":[65],"thousands":[66],"function":[69,90],"calls,":[70],"resulting":[71],"in":[72,133,170],"significant":[73],"performance":[74,131,151],"drawbacks":[75],"compared":[76],"schemes.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81,150],"work,":[82],"we":[83,128,154],"investigate":[84],"profile":[86],"different":[87],"parallel":[88,110,137],"implementations":[91],"SPHINCS":[93],"+":[94],"using":[95],"vector":[96],"instruction":[97,167],"sets":[98],"such":[99,158],"as":[100,159],"AVX2":[101,119],"AVX512.":[103],"Our":[104],"analysis":[105,144],"reveals":[106],"16-lane":[109],"approach,":[111],"which":[112,153],"incorporates":[113],"hybrid":[115],"AVX512":[117,172],"instructions,":[120],"performs":[121],"best":[122],"during":[123],"signing":[125],"phase.":[126],"Conversely,":[127],"observe":[129],"degradation":[132],"AVX512-based":[135],"8-lane":[136],"implementation":[138],"SHA-512.":[140],"We":[141],"provide":[142],"underlying":[147],"causes":[148],"discrepancy,":[152],"attribute":[155],"factors":[157],"CPU":[160],"bandwidth":[161],"congestion":[162],"overhead":[165],"cache":[168],"handling":[169],"implementation.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
