{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377969791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129332","title":"HD2FPGA: Automated Framework for Accelerating Hyperdimensional Computing on FPGAs","display_name":"HD2FPGA: Automated Framework for Accelerating Hyperdimensional Computing on FPGAs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377969791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 24th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109608366","display_name":"Tinaqi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tinaqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032477215","display_name":"Sahand Salamat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3022-8212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahand Salamat","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060490428","display_name":"Behnam Khaleghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3655-0501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behnam Khaleghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037764180","display_name":"Justin Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-2561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I226560621","display_name":"California State University, San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/01j8e0j24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I226560621"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University,San Marcos; San Marcos,CA,USA,92096","San Marcos, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University,San Marcos; San Marcos,CA,USA,92096","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I226560621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Marcos, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I226560621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029850946","display_name":"Bar\u0131\u015f Ak\u015fanl\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-9061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baris Aksanli","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Diego State University,San Diego,CA,USA,92182"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego State University,San Diego,CA,USA,92182","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025573294","display_name":"Tajana Rosing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-997X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tajana Simunic Rosing","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA,92093","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109608366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7271,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84350936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11173","display_name":"Neurofibromatosis and Schwannoma Cases","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.879783570766449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8536814451217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8436151146888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6293092966079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.6103872060775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5347110033035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5004234313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4271920621395111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3364253640174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.30851587653160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1831730306148529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16047480702400208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.879783570766449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8536814451217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8436151146888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6293092966079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.6103872060775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5347110033035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5004234313964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4271920621395111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3364253640174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.30851587653160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1831730306148529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16047480702400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed57927.2023.10129332","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 24th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W2070862086","https://openalex.org/W2476008461","https://openalex.org/W2554538030","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2915418849","https://openalex.org/W2946432794","https://openalex.org/W2963492949","https://openalex.org/W3019791076","https://openalex.org/W3021560762","https://openalex.org/W3032819016","https://openalex.org/W3047988013","https://openalex.org/W3105115497","https://openalex.org/W3143919782","https://openalex.org/W3213126279","https://openalex.org/W4232286453","https://openalex.org/W4285146458","https://openalex.org/W4393145355","https://openalex.org/W6603379807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2532502681","https://openalex.org/W1967938402","https://openalex.org/W2386041993","https://openalex.org/W1608572506","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W3159273459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"a":[1,49,67,148,161],"highly-efficient":[2],"FPGA":[3,158],"accelerator":[4,186],"for":[5,43,130],"Hyperdimensional":[6],"(HD)":[7],"computing":[8,47],"is":[9,48,204],"tedious":[10],"work":[11],"that":[12,53,122],"requires":[13],"Register":[14],"Transfer":[15],"Level":[16],"(RTL)":[17],"programming":[18],"and":[19,75,86,102,125,133,166,187],"verification.":[20],"An":[21],"inexperienced":[22],"designer":[23],"might":[24,92],"waste":[25],"significant":[26],"time":[27],"finding":[28],"the":[29,36,97,109,137,183,197,208],"best":[30],"resource":[31,40],"allocation":[32],"scheme":[33],"to":[34,154,178,182,196],"achieve":[35],"target":[37],"performance":[38],"under":[39],"constraints,":[41],"especially":[42],"edge":[44],"applications.":[45],"HD":[46,65,90,131,170,201],"novel":[50],"computational":[51],"paradigm":[52],"emulates":[54],"brain":[55],"functionality":[56],"in":[57,94],"performing":[58],"cognitive":[59],"tasks.":[60],"The":[61],"underlying":[62],"computations":[63],"of":[64,70,96,99,140,143,150,163],"involve":[66],"substantial":[68],"number":[69,98],"element-wise":[71],"operations":[72],"(e.g.,":[73],"additions":[74],"multiplications)":[76],"on":[77,173],"ultra-wide":[78],"hypervectors":[79],"(HVs),":[80],"which":[81],"can":[82],"be":[83],"effectively":[84],"parallelized":[85],"pipelined.":[87],"Although":[88],"different":[89],"applications":[91],"vary":[93],"terms":[95],"input":[100],"features":[101],"output":[103],"classes":[104],"(labels),":[105],"they":[106],"generally":[107],"follow":[108],"same":[110],"computation":[111],"flow.":[112],"In":[113],"this":[114],"paper,":[115],"we":[116],"propose":[117],"HD2FPGA,":[118,172],"an":[119,157],"automated":[120],"tool":[121],"generates":[123],"fast":[124],"highly":[126],"efficient":[127],"FPGA-based":[128,185],"accelerators":[129,145],"classification":[132,171],"clustering.":[134],"HD2FPGA":[135,203],"eliminates":[136],"arduous":[138],"task":[139],"hand-crafted":[141],"design":[142],"hardware":[144],"by":[146],"leveraging":[147],"template":[149],"optimized":[151],"processing":[152],"elements":[153],"automatically":[155],"generate":[156],"implementation":[159],"as":[160],"function":[162],"application":[164],"specifications":[165],"user":[167],"constraints.":[168],"For":[169,200],"average,":[174],"provides":[175],"1.5\u00d7":[176],"(up":[177],"2.5\u00d7)":[179],"speedup":[180,189],"compared":[181,195],"state-of-the-art":[184],"36.6\u00d7":[188],"with":[190],"5.4\u00d7":[191],"higher":[192],"energy":[193],"efficiency":[194],"GPU-based":[198],"one.":[199],"clustering,":[202],"2.2\u00d7":[205],"faster":[206],"than":[207],"GPU":[209],"framework.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
