{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163223485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed51717.2021.9424319","title":"Toward Intelligence in Communication Networks: A Deep Learning Identification Strategy for Radio Frequency Fingerprints","display_name":"Toward Intelligence in Communication Networks: A Deep Learning Identification Strategy for Radio Frequency Fingerprints","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163223485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed51717.2021.9424319","mag":"3163223485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed51717.2021.9424319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed51717.2021.9424319","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 22nd International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082108426","display_name":"Kangjun Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4437-0006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kangjun Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067781749","display_name":"Clare Thiem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clare Thiem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory/RITB, Rome, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory/RITB, Rome, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055944364","display_name":"Nathan McDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-425X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory/RITB, Rome, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory/RITB, Rome, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071534524","display_name":"Lisa Loomis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Loomis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory/RITB, Rome, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory/RITB, Rome, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018632091","display_name":"Yang Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1354-0204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082108426"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77599664,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"204","last_page":"209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6847434639930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6006239652633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency-identification","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","score":0.5281767249107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4457972049713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43252187967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35231104493141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32055723667144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16956159472465515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6847434639930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6006239652633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204222849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","level":2,"score":0.5281767249107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4457972049713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43252187967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35231104493141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32055723667144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16956159472465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed51717.2021.9424319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed51717.2021.9424319","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 22nd International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587084186","https://openalex.org/W1959983357","https://openalex.org/W1989312953","https://openalex.org/W2000093279","https://openalex.org/W2054217036","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069143585","https://openalex.org/W2151783055","https://openalex.org/W2718817472","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2791256362","https://openalex.org/W2889741439","https://openalex.org/W2903139904","https://openalex.org/W2920051226","https://openalex.org/W2963895067","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2979610412","https://openalex.org/W2982145123","https://openalex.org/W2996613410","https://openalex.org/W3009737098","https://openalex.org/W3010551061","https://openalex.org/W3021404792","https://openalex.org/W3112413575","https://openalex.org/W6635015058","https://openalex.org/W6641231757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577771720","https://openalex.org/W67524538","https://openalex.org/W2283353220","https://openalex.org/W2078898468","https://openalex.org/W4283262555","https://openalex.org/W2183047969","https://openalex.org/W1990337352","https://openalex.org/W3175606139","https://openalex.org/W2488848306","https://openalex.org/W3049434958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,24,72],"the":[1,26,41,113,130,133,148,161],"modern":[2],"privacy-sensitive":[3],"environment,":[4],"identifying":[5],"a":[6,11,45,62,77,168],"particular":[7],"radio":[8,117],"device":[9],"among":[10],"larger":[12],"pool":[13],"of":[14,129,143],"Internet-of-Thing":[15],"(IoT)":[16],"facilities":[17],"has":[18],"become":[19],"more":[20],"difficult":[21],"than":[22],"ever.":[23],"particular,":[25],"identification":[27,81,136],"process":[28],"is":[29],"susceptible":[30],"to":[31,49,102,115,153],"security,":[32],"mobility,":[33],"and":[34,55,64],"environment":[35],"changes.":[36],"Machine":[37],"learning":[38,47],"techniques,":[39],"on":[40,69],"other":[42],"hand,":[43],"offer":[44],"unique":[46],"mechanism":[48],"reconstruct":[50],"corrupted":[51],"signals":[52],"from":[53,108],"noise":[54],"interference":[56],"at":[57],"wireless":[58,70],"transceiver":[59],"chains,":[60],"providing":[61],"stable":[63],"accurate":[65],"system":[66],"for":[67,83,98],"applications":[68],"communication.":[71],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,89],"exploit":[76],"Deep":[78],"Learning":[79],"(DL)-based":[80],"strategy":[82],"Radio":[84],"Frequency":[85],"(RF)":[86],"Fingerprints.":[87],"Specifically,":[88],"introduce":[90],"an":[91,120,139],"Echo":[92],"State":[93],"Network":[94],"(ESN),":[95],"uniquely":[96],"suited":[97],"nonlinear":[99],"information":[100],"processing,":[101],"discover":[103],"dissimilar":[104],"RF":[105],"Fingerprints":[106],"directly":[107],"raw":[109],"transmitted":[110],"signals,":[111],"allowing":[112],"network":[114],"discriminate":[116],"devices.":[118],"Through":[119],"over-the-air":[121],"WiFi":[122],"transmission":[123],"dataset,":[124],"numerical":[125],"evaluations":[126],"demonstrate":[127],"advantages":[128],"ESN":[131,162],"over":[132],"cutting-edge":[134],"DL-based":[135],"approaches,":[137],"yielding":[138],"average":[140],"classification":[141],"accuracy":[142],"98.11%":[144],"while":[145],"significantly":[146],"reducing":[147],"training":[149,171],"overhead.":[150],"Furthermore,":[151],"compared":[152],"our":[154],"baseline":[155],"models":[156],"with":[157,167],"various":[158],"DL":[159],"architectures,":[160],"can":[163],"be":[164],"trained":[165],"even":[166],"very":[169],"limited":[170],"set":[172],"without":[173],"degrading":[174],"its":[175],"accuracy.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}