{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2918338434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed.2019.8697679","title":"Approximate Logic Synthesis: A Reinforcement Learning-Based Technology Mapping Approach","display_name":"Approximate Logic Synthesis: A Reinforcement Learning-Based Technology Mapping Approach","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2918338434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed.2019.8697679","mag":"2918338434"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed.2019.8697679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed.2019.8697679","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"20th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061343824","display_name":"Ghasem Pasandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8865-9069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghasem Pasandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065681916","display_name":"Shahin Nazarian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahin Nazarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044650311","display_name":"Massoud Pedram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2677-7307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massoud Pedram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061343824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93408135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"26","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.8188028931617737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6509003639221191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5730258822441101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5541686415672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.5173622965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5119155645370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.42412757873535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.41821929812431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4117041230201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.383340984582901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34024691581726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14657506346702576}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.8188028931617737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6509003639221191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5730258822441101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5541686415672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.5173622965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5119155645370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.42412757873535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.41821929812431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4117041230201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.383340984582901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34024691581726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14657506346702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isqed.2019.8697679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isqed.2019.8697679","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"20th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582134693","https://openalex.org/W1511688816","https://openalex.org/W1551209770","https://openalex.org/W1909320841","https://openalex.org/W1982780415","https://openalex.org/W1996431812","https://openalex.org/W2063203247","https://openalex.org/W2082738287","https://openalex.org/W2100465945","https://openalex.org/W2100787464","https://openalex.org/W2100955320","https://openalex.org/W2105715355","https://openalex.org/W2106360508","https://openalex.org/W2117680980","https://openalex.org/W2124618076","https://openalex.org/W2126693329","https://openalex.org/W2145352700","https://openalex.org/W2147082520","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2187230075","https://openalex.org/W2242458479","https://openalex.org/W2401611945","https://openalex.org/W2413256711","https://openalex.org/W2475585782","https://openalex.org/W2533121491","https://openalex.org/W2769269352","https://openalex.org/W2774487991","https://openalex.org/W2794046273","https://openalex.org/W2801673960","https://openalex.org/W2801687808","https://openalex.org/W2902765665","https://openalex.org/W2908561972","https://openalex.org/W2963587890","https://openalex.org/W2964059111","https://openalex.org/W3098771906","https://openalex.org/W3147501999","https://openalex.org/W4231091214","https://openalex.org/W4234143475","https://openalex.org/W4235991875","https://openalex.org/W4239323126","https://openalex.org/W4245558464","https://openalex.org/W4255029913","https://openalex.org/W6617145748","https://openalex.org/W6676258682","https://openalex.org/W6678797189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170314243","https://openalex.org/W2119179026","https://openalex.org/W2794947590","https://openalex.org/W2114971758","https://openalex.org/W2109932036","https://openalex.org/W2093081283","https://openalex.org/W4313118781","https://openalex.org/W2354546390","https://openalex.org/W2166009009","https://openalex.org/W2127141320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Approximate":[0],"Logic":[1],"Synthesis":[2],"(ALS)":[3],"is":[4,37,136,147],"the":[5,23,30,61,76,84,91,98,101,111,116,139,158,173,185,200,206,211,231,240],"process":[6],"of":[7,18,25,29,83,97,100,131,133,153,161,178,203,216],"synthesizing":[8],"and":[9,32,69,110,115,127,166,180,218,225,228],"mapping":[10,63,171],"a":[11,16,42,53,105,144,150,168],"given":[12,85],"Boolean":[13,35,71],"network":[14,86],"to":[15,74,156,222,239],"library":[17],"logic":[19],"cells":[20],"so":[21],"that":[22,80,90,197],"magnitude/rate":[24],"error":[26,45,78,93,108,140],"between":[27,125],"outputs":[28,99],"approximate":[31,128],"initial":[33],"(exact)":[34],"netlists":[36],"bounded":[38,182],"from":[39],"above":[40],"by":[41,184,220,233],"predetermined":[43,106],"total":[44,92,117,212],"threshold.":[46],"In":[47,142],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50],"present":[51],"Q-ALS,":[52,143],"novel":[54],"framework":[55],"for":[56,163],"ALS":[57,244],"with":[58,149],"focus":[59],"on":[60,235],"technology":[62,170],"phase.":[64],"Q-ALS":[65,209],"incorporates":[66],"reinforcement":[67],"learning":[68],"utilizes":[70],"difference":[72],"calculus":[73],"estimate":[75],"maximum":[77,107],"rate":[79,94],"each":[81,134,164,192],"node":[82,135],"can":[87],"tolerate":[88],"such":[89],"at":[95,205],"non":[96],"mapped":[102],"netlist":[103],"exceeds":[104],"rate,":[109],"worst":[112],"case":[113],"delay":[114,179,219],"area":[118,217],"are":[119,188],"minimized.":[120],"Maximum":[121],"Hamming":[122],"Distance":[123],"(MHD)":[124],"exact":[126],"truth":[129],"tables":[130],"cuts":[132],"used":[137],"as":[138],"metric.":[141],"Q-Learning":[145],"agent":[146],"trained":[148],"sufficient":[151],"number":[152],"iterations":[154],"aiming":[155],"select":[157],"fittest":[159,186],"values":[160],"MHD":[162],"node,":[165],"in":[167,214],"cut-based":[169],"approach,":[172],"best":[174,241],"supergates":[175],"(in":[176],"terms":[177,215],"area,":[181],"further":[183],"MHD)":[187],"selected":[189],"towards":[190],"implementing":[191],"node.":[193],"Experimental":[194],"results":[195],"show":[196],"having":[198],"set":[199],"required":[201],"accuracy":[202],"95%":[204],"primary":[207],"outputs,":[208],"reduces":[210,230],"cost":[213],"up":[221],"70":[223],"%":[224],"36%,":[226],"respectively,":[227],"also":[229],"run-time":[232],"2.21\u00d7":[234],"average,":[236],"when":[237],"compared":[238],"state-of-the-art":[242],"academic":[243],"tools.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T06:30:42.041108","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}