{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206505102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ispacs51563.2021.9651129","title":"Portable Howell heterophoria measurement device","display_name":"Portable Howell heterophoria measurement device","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206505102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ispacs51563.2021.9651129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ispacs51563.2021.9651129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ispacs51563.2021.9651129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605678","display_name":"2021 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002249185","display_name":"Der\u2010Chin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Der-Chin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003578944","display_name":"Feng\u2010Ming Yeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3771-8772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng-Ming Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047796793","display_name":"Shyang Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059492760","display_name":"Yung-Fu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yung-Fu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060585118","display_name":"Ya\u2010Hui Hsieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya-Hui Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057352058","display_name":"Wei\u2010Hsin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5009-3960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Hsin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002249185"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55149502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterophoria","display_name":"Heterophoria","score":0.939308226108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47979217767715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prism","display_name":"Prism","score":0.4723590314388275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.43236061930656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41475117206573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3921022415161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.35866013169288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3494846224784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strabismus","display_name":"Strabismus","score":0.27971550822257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16404864192008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1577344536781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.1376306712627411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779375679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3145111","display_name":"Heterophoria","level":3,"score":0.939308226108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47979217767715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67666897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165896","display_name":"Prism","level":2,"score":0.4723590314388275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43236061930656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41475117206573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3921022415161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.35866013169288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3494846224784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776864138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7620839","display_name":"Strabismus","level":2,"score":0.27971550822257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16404864192008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1577344536781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.1376306712627411}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ispacs51563.2021.9651129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ispacs51563.2021.9651129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605678","display_name":"2021 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249324382","https://openalex.org/W2037299418","https://openalex.org/W2037081915","https://openalex.org/W2023964449","https://openalex.org/W2157705994","https://openalex.org/W1999948698","https://openalex.org/W4391534409","https://openalex.org/W2978637534","https://openalex.org/W1991924407","https://openalex.org/W2076590306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,158],"this":[1,159],"study,":[2,160],"we":[3],"used":[4],"a":[5,21,24,44],"compound":[6,72],"vision":[7,14,73,84,90,105,126,165],"card":[8,15,74,85],"consisting":[9],"of":[10,32,41,58,62,70,97,100,123,134,140,150,153,187,195,215],"Howell's":[11],"and":[12,19,50,103,131,137,145,172,192],"Thorington's":[13],"on":[16,112],"both":[17],"sides,":[18],"placed":[20,55],"prism":[22,45,48,202],"or":[23],"Maddox":[25],"'s":[26],"lens":[27],"in":[28,56],"the":[29,33,37,51,59,63,68,71,82,94,98,101,107,110,113,118,121,124,129,135,141,148,154,188,193,196,213,216],"left":[30,60,130],"eye":[31,61],"subjects":[34,162,189],"to":[35,65,116],"establish":[36],"subjective":[38],"measurement":[39],"technique":[40],"heterophoria.":[42,157],"When":[43],"with":[46,163,168],"6":[47],"diopters":[49],"base":[52,143],"upward":[53],"was":[54,79,86,199],"front":[57,69],"subject":[64,108],"look":[66],"at":[67,75],"45":[76],"cm,":[77],"it":[78],"observed":[80],"that":[81,185,212],"Howell":[83,171],"separated":[87],"into":[88],"two":[89],"cards.":[91],"After":[92],"confirming":[93],"relative":[95],"position":[96],"point":[99,122,136],"upper":[102,125],"lower":[104],"cards,":[106],"move":[109],"paddle":[111,119],"measuring":[114,217],"device":[115,175,218],"make":[117],"overlap":[120],"card,":[127],"judge":[128],"right":[132],"directions":[133],"read":[138],"number":[139],"horizontal":[142,156,179],"line,":[144],"then":[146],"measure":[147],"line":[149],"sight":[151],"deviation":[152],"near":[155,177],"5":[161],"normal":[164],"were":[166,190],"tested":[167],"von":[169],"Graefe,":[170],"This":[173],"innovative":[174],"for":[176],"distance":[178],"esotropia.":[180],"The":[181],"test":[182],"results":[183],"showed":[184],"85%":[186],"exotropia,":[191],"difference":[194],"three":[197],"measurements":[198],"within":[200],"one":[201],"diopter":[203],"(\u00b11":[204],"<sup":[205],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[206],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\u0394</sup>":[207],").":[208],"It":[209],"is":[210,219],"proved":[211],"reliability":[214],"excellent.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
