{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc66965.2025.11250401","title":"Automated Detection of Writing Phases: An Unsupervised Learning Validation of the Hayes &amp; Flower Cognitive Writing Model","display_name":"Automated Detection of Writing Phases: An Unsupervised Learning Validation of the Hayes &amp; Flower Cognitive Writing Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc66965.2025.11250401"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isncc66965.2025.11250401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc66965.2025.11250401","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jaelyn Hui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaelyn Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,Maryland,USA,20742"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,Maryland,USA,20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024091931","display_name":"Mukul Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-656X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukul Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,Maryland,USA,20742"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,Maryland,USA,20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047236889","display_name":"Nestor Michael C. Tiglao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-5237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nestor Tiglao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,Maryland,USA,20742"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,College Park,Maryland,USA,20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joseph Thibault","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157613","display_name":"Riverside Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05ey1mh42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Thibault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cursive Technology, Inc,Baltimore,Maryland,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cursive Technology, Inc,Baltimore,Maryland,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23025861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.9172999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.9172999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5910999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argumentative","display_name":"Argumentative","score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.3555000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5910999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5827999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781306805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4789761","display_name":"Argumentative","level":2,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4156999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781341000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1468902","display_name":"Writing process","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777898490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157236","display_name":"Writing assessment","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isncc66965.2025.11250401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc66965.2025.11250401","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179565778","https://openalex.org/W2069166862","https://openalex.org/W2125732627","https://openalex.org/W2787610567","https://openalex.org/W2799895582","https://openalex.org/W2946272227","https://openalex.org/W2951573629","https://openalex.org/W3011788840","https://openalex.org/W3217313156","https://openalex.org/W4210291529","https://openalex.org/W4214693599","https://openalex.org/W4402478691","https://openalex.org/W4410999734"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,84],"1980":[1],"Hayes":[2,167],"and":[3,18,94,114,168,171,182],"Flower":[4,169],"model":[5,21],"established":[6],"that":[7,66,120],"writing":[8,26,110,180,190],"is":[9,73],"comprised":[10],"of":[11,70,98,109,140,165],"three":[12,86],"distinct":[13],"cognitive":[14],"processes:":[15],"Planning,":[16],"Translating,":[17],"Revising.":[19],"This":[20,34],"has":[22,29],"been":[23],"foundational":[24,177],"to":[25,40,63,80],"studies,":[27],"yet":[28],"lacked":[30],"large-scale":[31],"computational":[32],"validation.":[33],"paper":[35],"presents":[36],"a":[37,176,184],"novel":[38],"methodology":[39],"address":[41],"this":[42,155],"gap.":[43],"Using":[44],"135,178":[45],"minute-by-minute":[46],"observations":[47],"from":[48],"4,618":[49],"sessions":[50],"in":[51,101,104,179],"the":[52,60,67,82,91,121,130,141,144,158,166],"KLiCKe":[53],"keystroke":[54],"logging":[55],"corpus,":[56],"we":[57],"first":[58,159],"used":[59],"Elbow":[61],"Method":[62],"empirically":[64],"confirm":[65],"optimal":[68],"number":[69],"behavioral":[71,126],"clusters":[72,87,122],"three.":[74],"We":[75],"then":[76],"applied":[77],"K-Means":[78],"clustering":[79],"partition":[81],"data.":[83],"resulting":[85],"mapped":[88],"precisely":[89],"onto":[90],"theoretical":[92],"phases,":[93],"provide":[95],"empirical":[96,173],"percentages":[97],"time":[99,138],"spent":[100],"each":[102],"phase":[103],"argumentative":[105],"writing:":[106],"Planning":[107,131],"(43.5%":[108],"time),":[111],"Translating":[112,145],"(46.3%),":[113],"Revising":[115],"(10.2%).":[116],"Post-clustering":[117],"analysis":[118],"confirmed":[119],"matched":[123],"their":[124],"expected":[125],"signatures;":[127],"for":[128,175,188],"example,":[129],"cluster":[132,146],"was":[133,147],"characterized":[134],"by":[135,149],"extensive":[136],"pause":[137],"(94.7%":[139],"interval),":[142],"while":[143],"dominated":[148],"word":[150],"production.":[151],"To":[152],"our":[153],"knowledge,":[154],"study":[156],"represents":[157],"large-scale,":[160],"unsupervised":[161],"machine":[162],"learning":[163],"validation":[164],"model,":[170],"provides":[172,183],"support":[174],"idea":[178],"theory,":[181],"scalable,":[185],"nonintrusive":[186],"method":[187],"future":[189],"process":[191],"analysis.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
