{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389041829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc58260.2023.10323825","title":"Contactless Privacy-Preserving Head Movement Recognition Using Deep Learning for Driver Fatigue Detection","display_name":"Contactless Privacy-Preserving Head Movement Recognition Using Deep Learning for Driver Fatigue Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389041829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc58260.2023.10323825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isncc58260.2023.10323825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc58260.2023.10323825","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/305432/2/305432.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047032621","display_name":"Hira Hameed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4199-4000"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hira Hameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111586781","display_name":"Lubna Lubna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lubna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunication Engineering Dept. UET,Peshawar,Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunication Engineering Dept. UET,Peshawar,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083405389","display_name":"Muhammad Usman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow Caledonian University,Glasgow,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow Caledonian University,Glasgow,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036494932","display_name":"Hasan Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-9603"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019898978","display_name":"Ahsen Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-9390"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsen Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070653624","display_name":"Kamran Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4447-8335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamran Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ajman University,Ajman,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ajman University,Ajman,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001570909","display_name":"Khaled Assaleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-0453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Assaleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ajman University,Ajman,UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ajman University,Ajman,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034896032","display_name":"Ahmed Alkhayyat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-3453"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alkhayyat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of computer technical engineering,Najaf,Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer technical engineering,Najaf,Iraq","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047892843","display_name":"Qammer H. Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-9969"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qammer H. Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.8069133758544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.788719892501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.6406846046447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.542437732219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/movement","display_name":"Movement (music)","score":0.5141854286193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5091013312339783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.502626895904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.4948667883872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37378519773483276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.8069133758544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.788719892501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6406846046447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.542437732219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848","display_name":"Movement (music)","level":2,"score":0.5141854286193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5091013312339783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.502626895904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.4948667883872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37378519773483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isncc58260.2023.10323825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc58260.2023.10323825","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:305432","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/61214.html>,","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/305432/2/305432.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.gcu.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/316fac5b-a74c-425e-9b9b-03767541052d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/en/publications/316fac5b-a74c-425e-9b9b-03767541052d","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/ws/files/83018486/82978273.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402566","display_name":"ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","host_organization_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:305432","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/61214.html>,","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/305432/2/305432.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2193117753","display_name":"COG-MHEAR: Towards cognitively-inspired 5G-IoT enabled, multi-modal Hearing Aids","funder_award_id":"EP/T021063/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2447866707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/T021063/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389041829.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389041829.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982214249","https://openalex.org/W2099927284","https://openalex.org/W2102210486","https://openalex.org/W2103077980","https://openalex.org/W2108045700","https://openalex.org/W2145808141","https://openalex.org/W2149382413","https://openalex.org/W2158497138","https://openalex.org/W3006296545","https://openalex.org/W3122362957","https://openalex.org/W4206266282","https://openalex.org/W4301712968","https://openalex.org/W4313555581","https://openalex.org/W4320725496","https://openalex.org/W6675028794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W3127543252","https://openalex.org/W2065606036","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W2016904525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Head":[0,113,116,119,122,126],"movement":[1,22,61],"holds":[2],"significant":[3,50],"importance":[4],"in":[5,23,34,45],"con-veying":[6],"body":[7],"language,":[8],"expressing":[9],"specific":[10],"gestures,":[11,150],"and":[12,15,38,76,91,125,136,171],"reflecting":[13],"emotional":[14],"character":[16],"aspects.":[17],"The":[18,102],"detection":[19,62],"of":[20,156,166],"head":[21,60,111,149,175],"smart":[24],"or":[25],"assistive":[26],"driving":[27],"applications":[28],"can":[29],"play":[30],"an":[31,169],"important":[32],"role":[33],"preventing":[35],"major":[36],"accidents":[37,55],"potentially":[39],"saving":[40],"lives.":[41],"Additionally,":[42],"it":[43],"aids":[44],"identifying":[46],"driver":[47],"fatigue,":[48],"a":[49,152,164],"contributor":[51],"to":[52,97,174],"deadly":[53],"road":[54],"worldwide.":[56],"However,":[57],"most":[58,109],"existing":[59],"systems":[63],"rely":[64],"on":[65,105],"cameras,":[66],"which":[67],"raise":[68],"privacy":[69],"concerns,":[70],"face":[71],"challenges":[72],"with":[73,80],"lighting":[74],"conditions,":[75],"require":[77],"complex":[78],"training":[79],"long":[81],"video":[82],"sequences.":[83],"This":[84,161],"novel":[85],"privacy-preserving":[86],"system":[87,103,145],"utilizes":[88],"UWB-radar":[89],"technology":[90],"leverages":[92],"Deep":[93],"Learning":[94],"(DL)":[95],"techniques":[96],"address":[98],"the":[99,107,131,138,143],"mentioned":[100],"issues.":[101],"focuses":[104],"classifying":[106],"five":[108],"common":[110],"gestures:":[112],"45L":[114],"(HL45),":[115],"45R":[117],"(HR45),":[118],"90L":[120],"(HL90),":[121],"90R":[123],"(HR90),":[124],"Down":[127],"(HD).":[128],"By":[129],"processing":[130],"recorded":[132],"data":[133],"as":[134],"spectrograms":[135],"leveraging":[137],"advanced":[139],"DL":[140],"model":[141],"VGG16,":[142],"proposed":[144],"accurately":[146],"detects":[147],"these":[148],"achieving":[151],"maximum":[153],"classification":[154],"accuracy":[155],"84.00%":[157],"across":[158],"all":[159],"classes.":[160],"study":[162],"presents":[163],"proof":[165],"concept":[167],"for":[168],"effective":[170],"privacy-conscious":[172],"approach":[173],"position":[176],"classification.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
