{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291802827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc55209.2022.9851786","title":"Outage Probability of an Underwater Wireless System Based on the CSK Transmission","display_name":"Outage Probability of an Underwater Wireless System Based on the CSK Transmission","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291802827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc55209.2022.9851786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isncc55209.2022.9851786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc55209.2022.9851786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606822","display_name":"2022 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023905974","display_name":"Rodrique Chi Fon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-2032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R.C. Fon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047512179","display_name":"Frank Nonso Igboamalu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-5622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Igboamalu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067274963","display_name":"Alain R. Ndjiongue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-6164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.R. Ndjiongue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University, 240 Prince Phillip Drive, 40 Arctic Ave, St. John&#x2019;s,Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Canada,NL A1B 3X7"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University, 240 Prince Phillip Drive, 40 Arctic Ave, St. John&#x2019;s,Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Canada,NL A1B 3X7","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089836379","display_name":"Khmaies Ouahada","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Ouahada","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056109249","display_name":"C. Leke","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Leke","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Accounting, College of Business, and Economics, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Accounting, College of Business, and Economics, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045534879","display_name":"Adnan M. Abu\u2010Mahfouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.M. Abu-Mahfouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006","Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park,Faculty of Engineering, and the Built Environments,Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science,Johannesburg,South Africa,2006","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023905974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68557393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9602000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rician-fading","display_name":"Rician fading","score":0.6491849422454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6113783121109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.5359913110733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5072085857391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.49279263615608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.48612308502197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.47541481256484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.44305863976478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.435076504945755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37206774950027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.37046515941619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.35734784603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3540820777416229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.3421311378479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3079271912574768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.226803719997406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11502653360366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.11343151330947876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60472773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7331156","display_name":"Rician fading","level":4,"score":0.6491849422454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6113783121109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.5359913110733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5072085857391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.49279263615608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.48612308502197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.47541481256484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.44305863976478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.435076504945755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37206774950027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.37046515941619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.35734784603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3540820777416229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.3421311378479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3079271912574768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.226803719997406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11502653360366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.11343151330947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isncc55209.2022.9851786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isncc55209.2022.9851786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606822","display_name":"2022 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557662267","https://openalex.org/W1984449843","https://openalex.org/W2047540423","https://openalex.org/W2060426768","https://openalex.org/W2060514040","https://openalex.org/W2064253407","https://openalex.org/W2103819875","https://openalex.org/W2122273579","https://openalex.org/W2124726137","https://openalex.org/W2159978356","https://openalex.org/W2161062967","https://openalex.org/W2163692361","https://openalex.org/W2168571759","https://openalex.org/W2221609672","https://openalex.org/W2336491352","https://openalex.org/W2532582639","https://openalex.org/W2562766126","https://openalex.org/W2579337298","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2627314616","https://openalex.org/W2766700266","https://openalex.org/W2767706629","https://openalex.org/W2806046008","https://openalex.org/W2884925211","https://openalex.org/W2907614299","https://openalex.org/W2991574412","https://openalex.org/W3113541824","https://openalex.org/W3174146878","https://openalex.org/W4254467205","https://openalex.org/W6730805147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970673056","https://openalex.org/W3006340972","https://openalex.org/W2901330790","https://openalex.org/W3216039712","https://openalex.org/W4282919583","https://openalex.org/W4323520591","https://openalex.org/W4205521873","https://openalex.org/W2900406118","https://openalex.org/W2773296402","https://openalex.org/W3003285019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compared":[0],"to":[1,76,112,180],"well-established":[2],"underwater":[3,7],"acoustic":[4],"communication":[5,10,87],"techniques,":[6],"wireless":[8],"optical":[9],"(UWOC)":[11],"offers":[12],"significantly":[13],"more":[14],"transmission":[15,39,221],"bandwidth":[16],"and":[17,43,122,219],"can":[18],"be":[19],"used":[20,75],"in":[21,40,109,161],"multiple":[22],"short-range":[23],"marine":[24],"applications.":[25],"Color-shift":[26],"keying":[27],"(CSK)":[28],"is":[29,107,178],"a":[30,147,157,206,224],"modulation":[31],"techniques":[32],"advocated":[33],"for":[34,146,156],"deploying":[35],"high":[36],"data":[37,202,214],"rate":[38,203,215],"red,":[41],"green":[42],"blue":[44],"(RGB)":[45],"based":[46],"laser":[47],"technology.":[48],"It":[49],"utilizes":[50],"light":[51,56,86,91,160],"sources":[52],"that":[53,169,186],"produce":[54],"Lambertian":[55],"patterns.":[57],"Consequently,":[58],"the":[59,64,71,78,110,114,130,134,139,143,170,173,187,195,201,209,220],"broadcast":[60],"message":[61],"arrives":[62],"at":[63,129],"receiver":[65],"via":[66],"line-of-sight":[67],"(LoS)":[68],"pathways,":[69],"with":[70,97,191,205,217,223],"Rician":[72],"distribution":[73],"being":[74],"model":[77],"appropriate":[79],"channel.":[80],"This":[81,125],"paper":[82],"analyzes":[83],"UWOC":[84,163,177],"visible":[85],"(VLC)":[88],"links":[89],"using":[90],"emitting":[92],"diodes":[93],"(LDs)":[94],"as":[95,200],"transmitter":[96],"small":[98],"angular":[99],"divergence.":[100],"The":[101,152,182,213],"channel":[102,115,120,188],"direct":[103],"current":[104],"(DC)":[105],"gains":[106],"considered":[108],"analysis":[111],"show":[113],"gain,":[116],"signal-to-noise":[117],"ratio":[118],"(SNR),":[119],"capacitance,":[121],"outage":[123,131,210,227],"probability.":[124,228],"study":[126],"also":[127,184],"looks":[128],"probability":[132,211],"or":[133],"locally":[135],"observed":[136],"SNR":[137,171],"of":[138,150,172],"CSK":[140],"link":[141],"below":[142],"threshold":[144],"set":[145],"particular":[148],"quality":[149],"services.":[151],"results":[153,183],"are":[154],"depicted":[155],"random":[158],"white":[159],"an":[162],"system":[164],"clean":[165],"ocean.":[166],"They":[167],"shows":[168,185],"RGB":[174],"Based":[175],"Laser":[176],"proportional":[179],"$P_{t}/N_{0}$.":[181],"capacity":[189],"increases":[190,204,216],"$P_{t}/N_{0}$":[192,218],"depending":[193],"on":[194],"attenuation":[196],"intensity":[197],"$\\beta$.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"fixed":[207,225],"$P_{t}/N_{0}$,":[208],"increases.":[212],"power":[222],"value":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
