{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998882338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2014.6948430","title":"Presence and discernability in conventional and non-photorealistic immersive augmented reality","display_name":"Presence and discernability in conventional and non-photorealistic immersive augmented reality","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998882338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2014.6948430","mag":"1998882338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ismar.2014.6948430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2014.6948430","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10127308/1/ISMAR14_steptoe.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111934411","display_name":"William Steptoe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Steptoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University College, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049634973","display_name":"Simon Julier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4380-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Julier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University College, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071447827","display_name":"Anthony Steed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-3020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Steed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University College, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8072,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9666794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"213","last_page":"218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7947549819946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.7128146886825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7008162140846252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5611565709114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5217838287353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.518692135810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5069277882575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.5012326240539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stylized-fact","display_name":"Stylized fact","score":0.4889024794101715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47064799070358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereoscopy","display_name":"Stereoscopy","score":0.4643317759037018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.4114833474159241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7947549819946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.7128146886825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7008162140846252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5611565709114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5217838287353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.518692135810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5069277882575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5012326240539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38935604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330363","display_name":"Stylized fact","level":2,"score":0.4889024794101715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47064799070358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126057942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35158","display_name":"Stereoscopy","level":2,"score":0.4643317759037018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.4114833474159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ismar.2014.6948430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2014.6948430","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10127308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10127308/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10127308/1/ISMAR14_steptoe.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In: Julier, S and Lindeman, RW and Sandor, C, (eds.) 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR).  (pp. pp. 213-218).  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Piscataway, NJ. (2014)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1479079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1479079/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In: Julier, S and Lindeman, RW and Sandor, C, (eds.)  (Proceedings) IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) - Science and Technology. (pp. pp. 213-218).  IEEE (2014)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10127308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10127308/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10127308/1/ISMAR14_steptoe.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In: Julier, S and Lindeman, RW and Sandor, C, (eds.) 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR).  (pp. pp. 213-218).  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Piscataway, NJ. (2014)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998882338.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998882338.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156779288","https://openalex.org/W1586856071","https://openalex.org/W1993871728","https://openalex.org/W1994888381","https://openalex.org/W2031835363","https://openalex.org/W2058300759","https://openalex.org/W2077509631","https://openalex.org/W2106316567","https://openalex.org/W2131653227","https://openalex.org/W2132851697","https://openalex.org/W2145839404","https://openalex.org/W2149003305","https://openalex.org/W2154621138","https://openalex.org/W2163682794","https://openalex.org/W2236247158","https://openalex.org/W3146773063","https://openalex.org/W6679771717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2529311304","https://openalex.org/W4248275646","https://openalex.org/W2992609826","https://openalex.org/W3124809058","https://openalex.org/W2552900035","https://openalex.org/W2162875951","https://openalex.org/W2062875858","https://openalex.org/W4380047323","https://openalex.org/W1964902997","https://openalex.org/W2761440582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-photorealistic":[0],"rendering":[1,151],"(NPR)":[2],"has":[3,23],"been":[4,25],"shown":[5],"as":[6,100,160],"a":[7,57,79,144],"powerful":[8],"way":[9],"to":[10,142,164,176],"enhance":[11],"both":[12,170],"visual":[13,113],"coherence":[14],"and":[15,71,89,98,109,118,122,125,149,167,172],"immersion":[16,99],"in":[17,27,44,73,111,132],"augmented":[18],"reality":[19],"(AR).":[20],"However,":[21],"it":[22,161],"only":[24],"evaluated":[26],"idealized":[28],"pre-rendered":[29],"scenarios":[30],"with":[31],"handheld":[32],"AR":[33,53,83],"devices.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"paper":[37],"we":[38],"investigate":[39,93],"the":[40,77,94],"use":[41],"of":[42,96,102,139],"NPR":[43],"an":[45,86],"immersive,":[46],"stereoscopic,":[47],"wide":[48],"field-of-view":[49],"head-mounted":[50],"video":[51,81,117],"see-through":[52,82],"display.":[54],"This":[55],"is":[56,174],"demanding":[58],"scenario,":[59],"which":[60],"introduces":[61],"many":[62],"real-world":[63],"effects":[64],"including":[65],"latency,":[66],"tracking":[67],"failures,":[68],"optical":[69],"artifacts":[70],"mismatches":[72],"lighting.":[74],"We":[75,92],"present":[76],"AR-Rift,":[78],"low-cost":[80],"system":[84],"using":[85],"Oculus":[87],"Rift":[88],"consumer":[90],"webcams.":[91],"themes":[95],"consistency":[97],"measures":[101,107],"psychophysical":[103],"non-mediation.":[104],"An":[105],"experiment":[106],"discernability":[108,134],"presence":[110],"three":[112,182],"modes:":[114],"conventional":[115],"(unprocessed":[116],"graphics),":[119],"stylized":[120,129],"(edge-enhancement)":[121],"virtualized":[123],"(edge-enhancement":[124],"color":[126],"extraction).":[127],"The":[128],"mode":[130],"results":[131],"chance-level":[133],"judgments,":[135],"indicating":[136],"successful":[137],"integration":[138],"virtual":[140],"content":[141],"form":[143],"visually":[145],"coherent":[146],"scene.":[147],"Conventional":[148],"virutalized":[150],"bias":[152],"judgments":[153],"towards":[154],"correct":[155],"or":[156],"incorrect":[157],"respectively.":[158],"Presence":[159],"may":[162],"apply":[163],"immersive":[165],"AR,":[166],"which,":[168],"measured":[169],"behaviorally":[171],"subjectively,":[173],"seen":[175],"be":[177],"similarly":[178],"high":[179],"over":[180],"all":[181],"conditions.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}