{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190659663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502505","title":"MC<sup>2</sup>-RAM: An In-8T-SRAM Computing Macro Featuring Multi-Bit Charge-Domain Computing and ADC-Reduction Weight Encoding","display_name":"MC<sup>2</sup>-RAM: An In-8T-SRAM Computing Macro Featuring Multi-Bit Charge-Domain Computing and ADC-Reduction Weight Encoding","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190659663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502505","mag":"3190659663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502505","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100625998","display_name":"Zhiyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7937-642X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030977862","display_name":"Qing Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8795-9297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039059169","display_name":"Jingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-2682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651384","display_name":"Yanzhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3024-7990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076619099","display_name":"Kaiyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-9389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100625998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78579316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.722432017326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6225724816322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5892051458358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.509992241859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5082430243492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4820419251918793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.46434101462364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.43735408782958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40511175990104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3867754638195038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.27753114700317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14513713121414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12236365675926208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.722432017326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6225724816322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5892051458358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.509992241859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5082430243492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4820419251918793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.46434101462364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.43735408782958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40511175990104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3867754638195038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27753114700317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14513713121414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12236365675926208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502505","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2146276996","https://openalex.org/W2292965952","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2787573408","https://openalex.org/W2790556218","https://openalex.org/W2899641901","https://openalex.org/W2904299207","https://openalex.org/W2920326572","https://openalex.org/W2948661249","https://openalex.org/W2969812992","https://openalex.org/W2990591126","https://openalex.org/W3003821665","https://openalex.org/W3015432327","https://openalex.org/W3015655039","https://openalex.org/W3015980402","https://openalex.org/W3016014942","https://openalex.org/W3026786299","https://openalex.org/W3101272433","https://openalex.org/W3107320086","https://openalex.org/W3135835558","https://openalex.org/W3135906938","https://openalex.org/W3164913974","https://openalex.org/W6786450209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392590355","https://openalex.org/W3151633427","https://openalex.org/W2212894501","https://openalex.org/W2793465010","https://openalex.org/W3024050170","https://openalex.org/W1976168335","https://openalex.org/W2109451123","https://openalex.org/W4378977321","https://openalex.org/W3211992815","https://openalex.org/W179354024"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-memory":[0],"computing":[1,33,51],"(IMC)":[2],"is":[3,27,79,140],"a":[4,45],"promising":[5,28],"hardware":[6],"architecture":[7],"to":[8,30,38,101],"circumvent":[9],"the":[10,84,114,120,180,185],"memory":[11,21,25],"walls":[12],"in":[13,142,188],"data-intensive":[14],"applications,":[15],"like":[16],"deep":[17,61],"learning.":[18],"Among":[19],"various":[20],"technologies,":[22],"static":[23],"random-access":[24],"(SRAM)":[26],"thanks":[29],"its":[31],"high":[32,54,56,59],"accuracy,":[34,55],"reliability,":[35],"and":[36,58,129,155],"scalability":[37],"advanced":[39],"technology":[40],"nodes.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"presents":[44],"novel":[46],"multi-bit":[47,92],"capacitive":[48],"convolution":[49],"in-SRAM":[50],"macro":[52,136],"for":[53,105,127],"throughput":[57,104],"efficiency":[60,159],"learning":[62],"inference.":[63],"It":[64,88],"realizes":[65],"fully":[66],"parallel":[67],"charge-domain":[68],"multiply-and-accumulate":[69],"(MAC)":[70],"within":[71],"compact":[72,115],"8-transistor":[73],"1-capacitor":[74],"(8T1C)":[75],"SRAM":[76],"arrays":[77],"that":[78],"only":[80,175],"41%":[81],"larger":[82],"than":[83],"standard":[85,182],"6T":[86],"cells.":[87],"performs":[89],"MAC":[90],"with":[91,137,144,160,174],"activations":[93],"without":[94],"conventional":[95],"digital":[96],"bit-serial":[97],"shift-and-add":[98],"schemes,":[99],"leading":[100],"drastically":[102],"improved":[103],"high-precision":[106],"CNN":[107],"models.":[108],"An":[109],"ADC-reduction":[110],"encoding":[111],"scheme":[112],"complements":[113],"sram":[116],"design,":[117],"by":[118,125],"reducing":[119],"number":[121],"of":[122,179,184],"needed":[123],"ADCs":[124,139],"half":[126],"energy":[128,158],"area":[130],"savings.":[131],"A":[132],"$576":[133],"\\times":[134],"130$":[135],"64":[138],"evaluated":[141],"65nm":[143],"post-layout":[145],"simulations,":[146],"showing":[147],"4.60":[148],"TOPS/mm":[149],"<sup":[150,165],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[151,166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[152,167],"compute":[153],"density":[154],"59.7":[156],"TOPS/W":[157],"4/4-bit":[161],"activations/weights.":[162],"The":[163],"MC":[164],"-":[168],"RAM":[169],"also":[170],"achieves":[171],"excellent":[172],"linearity":[173],"0.14":[176],"mV":[177],"(4.5%":[178],"LSB)":[181],"deviation":[183],"output":[186],"voltage":[187],"Monte":[189],"Carlo":[190],"simulations.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}