{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187820752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502474","title":"FPRA: A Fine-grained Parallel RRAM Architecture","display_name":"FPRA: A Fine-grained Parallel RRAM Architecture","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187820752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502474","mag":"3187820752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075936732","display_name":"Xiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-5754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036778557","display_name":"Minxuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5523-7270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minxuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028280505","display_name":"Rachata Ausavarungnirun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1459-0852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82828225","display_name":"King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok","ror":"https://ror.org/04fy6jb97","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachata Ausavarungnirun","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology, North Bangkok","King Mongkut's University of Technology, North Bangkok"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology, North Bangkok","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Mongkut's University of Technology, North Bangkok","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012522420","display_name":"Sean Eilert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-2961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11912373","display_name":"Micron (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fv52296","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11912373"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Eilert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Micron Technology, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Micron Technology, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11912373"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053738881","display_name":"Ameen Akel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11912373","display_name":"Micron (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fv52296","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11912373"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ameen Akel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Micron Technology, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Micron Technology, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11912373"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025573294","display_name":"Tajana Rosing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-997X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tajana Rosing","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101919131","display_name":"Vijaykrishnan Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6266-6068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijaykrishnan Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077387335","display_name":"Jishen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-743X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jishen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075936732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60222881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8212976455688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.6561701893806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6083623170852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.5319780707359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5003402233123779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.45630449056625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4444639980792999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.36138105392456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13651400804519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13041028380393982}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8212976455688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.6561701893806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6083623170852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.5319780707359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5003402233123779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.45630449056625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4444639980792999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.36138105392456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13651400804519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13041028380393982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/islped52811.2021.9502474","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2034861439","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2155589054","https://openalex.org/W2164819109","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2464177207","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2785141883","https://openalex.org/W2789554134","https://openalex.org/W2794243109","https://openalex.org/W2798341898","https://openalex.org/W2809171749","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W2913431662","https://openalex.org/W2951975363","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964166416","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2979663695","https://openalex.org/W3103148960","https://openalex.org/W4234604932","https://openalex.org/W4239072543","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6676297131","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6719768283","https://openalex.org/W6749781174","https://openalex.org/W6751109714","https://openalex.org/W6753767121","https://openalex.org/W6766978945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2157978810","https://openalex.org/W2597809628","https://openalex.org/W3046370962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"resistive":[1],"memory":[2,151],"(RRAM)":[3],"based":[4],"crossbar":[5,71],"array":[6],"is":[7,51],"a":[8,20,46,103,191],"promising":[9],"technology":[10],"to":[11,67,107,165,199,214],"accelerate":[12],"neural":[13],"network":[14,34],"applications.":[15],"RRAM-based":[16,56,112,217],"CNN":[17,185],"accelerators":[18,57],"support":[19],"high-degree":[21],"of":[22,42,48,70,85,133,172],"intra-layer":[23,28],"and":[24,123,136,156,206],"inter-layer":[25,38],"parallelism.":[26],"The":[27,147],"parallelism":[29,39,109],"duplicates":[30],"kernels":[31,65,135,167],"for":[32,110,159],"each":[33,43,160],"layer":[35,44,88],"while":[36,168],"the":[37,83,86,90,116,131,134,138,143,154,170,215],"allows":[40],"execution":[41],"when":[45],"portion":[47],"input":[49,144,155],"data":[50,61,77,79,117,124,139,148,158,164,173],"available.":[52],"However,":[53],"previously":[54],"proposed":[55],"do":[58],"not":[59],"leverage":[60],"sharing":[62,118,125,149],"between":[63,175],"duplicate":[64,166],"leading":[66],"significant":[68],"idleness":[69],"arrays":[72],"during":[73],"inference.":[74],"This":[75],"shared":[76,145],"creates":[78],"dependencies":[80,140],"that":[81,196],"stall":[82],"processing":[84],"next":[87],"in":[89,190],"pipeline.":[91],"To":[92],"address":[93],"these":[94],"issues,":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"Fine-grained":[98],"Parallel":[99],"RRAM":[100],"Architecture":[101],"(FPRA),":[102],"novel":[104],"architectural":[105],"design,":[106],"improve":[108],"pipeline-enabled":[111],"accelerators.":[113,218],"FPRA":[114,179,197],"addresses":[115],"issue":[119],"with":[120,187],"kernel":[121],"batching":[122,129],"aware":[126,150],"memory.":[127],"Kernel":[128],"rearranges":[130],"layout":[132],"minimizes":[137],"created":[141],"by":[142],"data.":[146],"uniformly":[152],"buffers":[153],"output":[157],"layer,":[161],"efficiently":[162],"dispatching":[163],"reducing":[169],"amount":[171],"transferred":[174],"layers.":[176],"We":[177,194],"evaluate":[178],"on":[180],"eight":[181],"popular":[182],"image":[183],"recognition":[184],"models":[186],"various":[188],"configurations":[189],"cycle-accurate":[192],"simulator.":[193],"find":[195],"manages":[198],"achieve":[200],"2.0":[201],"$\\times$":[202,208],"average":[203,209],"latency":[204],"speedup,":[205],"2.1":[207],"throughput":[210],"increase,":[211],"as":[212],"compared":[213],"state-of-the-art":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}