{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401693274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619136","title":"Predicting Uncertainty of Generative LLMs with MARS: Meaning-Aware Response Scoring","display_name":"Predicting Uncertainty of Generative LLMs with MARS: Meaning-Aware Response Scoring","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401693274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619136","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063391480","display_name":"Yavuz Faruk Bakman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yavuz Faruk Bakman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006513684","display_name":"Duygu Nur Yaldiz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duygu Nur Yaldiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056993728","display_name":"Baturalp Buyukates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5941-0667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baturalp Buyukates","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112726818","display_name":"Salman Avestimehr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"Southern California University for Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Avestimehr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071582087","display_name":"Chenyang Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2155-8180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon AI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon AI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115044944","display_name":"Dimitrios Dimitriadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8483-0105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Dimitriadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon AI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon AI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063391480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I2800817003"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11284524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2033","last_page":"2037"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.7197723388671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6910104751586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mars-exploration-program","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","score":0.5612366199493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4932183623313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42252999544143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3409494161605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2739454507827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrobiology","display_name":"Astrobiology","score":0.18287113308906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapist","display_name":"Psychotherapist","score":0.07967591285705566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.7197723388671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6910104751586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83260615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6773121","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","level":2,"score":0.5612366199493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4932183623313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42252999544143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3409494161605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2739454507827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.18287113308906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.07967591285705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619136","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2608377846","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2914584698","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W2964030506","https://openalex.org/W3118595994","https://openalex.org/W4285143611","https://openalex.org/W4312643954","https://openalex.org/W4330337479","https://openalex.org/W4378945636","https://openalex.org/W4379958381","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4385572714","https://openalex.org/W4385573323","https://openalex.org/W4387432648","https://openalex.org/W4389157038","https://openalex.org/W4402671817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3139034309","https://openalex.org/W2770042457","https://openalex.org/W2789392837","https://openalex.org/W805044372","https://openalex.org/W43529266","https://openalex.org/W2998025959","https://openalex.org/W2981831722","https://openalex.org/W770322104","https://openalex.org/W2041783725","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"have":[5],"recently":[6],"been":[7],"widely":[8],"utilized":[9],"for":[10,24],"their":[11,18],"unprecedented":[12],"capabil-ities":[13],"across":[14,121],"many":[15],"tasks.":[16],"Considering":[17],"use":[19],"in":[20,56,77,79,133,139],"high-stakes":[21],"environments":[22],"and":[23,136],"mission-critical":[25],"applications,":[26],"the":[27,47,96,103,107,110],"fact":[28],"that":[29,127],"LLMs":[30,58],"often":[31],"can":[32,38],"generate":[33],"inaccurate":[34],"or":[35],"misleading":[36],"results":[37,132],"be":[39],"potentially":[40],"harmful,":[41],"which":[42],"motivates":[43],"us":[44],"to":[45,74,94,106],"study":[46],"correctness":[48],"of":[49,91,99,102,109],"generative":[50,57],"LLM":[51],"outputs.":[52],"Uncertainty":[53],"Estimation":[54],"(UE)":[55],"is":[59,93],"a":[60,134],"developing":[61],"area,":[62],"with":[63],"state-of-the-art":[64],"probability-based":[65],"techniques":[66],"frequently":[67],"using":[68],"length-normalized":[69,75],"scoring.":[70],"As":[71],"an":[72],"alternative":[73],"scoring":[76],"UE,":[78],"this":[80],"work,":[81],"we":[82,125],"propose":[83],"Meaning-Aware":[84],"Response":[85],"Scoring":[86],"(MARS).":[87],"The":[88],"key":[89],"idea":[90],"MARS":[92,129],"consider":[95],"semantic":[97],"contribution":[98],"each":[100],"token":[101],"generated":[104],"sequence":[105],"context":[108],"question":[111],"during":[112,130],"UE.":[113],"Through":[114],"extensive":[115],"experiments":[116],"on":[117],"three":[118],"question-answering":[119],"datasets":[120],"five":[122],"pretrained":[123],"LLMs,":[124],"show":[126],"utilizing":[128],"UE":[131,140],"universal":[135],"significant":[137],"improvement":[138],"performance.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}