{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2743394663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2017.8001446","title":"Analysis of geomaterials using frequency modulated continuous wave radar in the X-band","display_name":"Analysis of geomaterials using frequency modulated continuous wave radar in the X-band","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2743394663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2017.8001446","mag":"2743394663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isie.2017.8001446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2017.8001446","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067163235","display_name":"Jamie Blanche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-0637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Blanche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032160199","display_name":"David Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-3618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026385343","display_name":"Helen Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3891-3783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033565145","display_name":"Gary Douglas Couples","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-6973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802581871","display_name":"Edinburgh Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05a7t9b67","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801316944","https://openalex.org/I2802581871","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Couples","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scottish Microelectronics Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scottish Microelectronics Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802581871"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052962241","display_name":"Rebecca Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-5646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067163235"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83942876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1376","last_page":"1381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6033305525779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.5933372974395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5324372053146362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.5073484778404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-angle","display_name":"Phase angle (astronomy)","score":0.47320622205734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-band","display_name":"Frequency band","score":0.4702143967151642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4484821856021881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4109210968017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4039093852043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4028852880001068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.38794368505477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.3541797697544098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21560516953468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1817396879196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16449624300003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15548989176750183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6033305525779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.5933372974395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5324372053146362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.5073484778404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170222088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2059855","display_name":"Phase angle (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.47320622205734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778116611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110567","display_name":"Frequency band","level":3,"score":0.4702143967151642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4484821856021881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4109210968017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4039093852043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4028852880001068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.38794368505477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3541797697544098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21560516953468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1817396879196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16449624300003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15548989176750183}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isie.2017.8001446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2017.8001446","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618152627","https://openalex.org/W1498703416","https://openalex.org/W1973449857","https://openalex.org/W1987119819","https://openalex.org/W1987615332","https://openalex.org/W1997067376","https://openalex.org/W2001767117","https://openalex.org/W2003623474","https://openalex.org/W2040266082","https://openalex.org/W2042790517","https://openalex.org/W2050982928","https://openalex.org/W2058367223","https://openalex.org/W2061067224","https://openalex.org/W2075959322","https://openalex.org/W2518977794","https://openalex.org/W2618460723","https://openalex.org/W2769943268","https://openalex.org/W3023175785","https://openalex.org/W6629982114","https://openalex.org/W6738589144","https://openalex.org/W6745703841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W3090858966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"explore":[4],"the":[5,46,100,104,131,134],"suitability":[6],"of":[7,22,32,48,57,62,119,126,133],"Frequency":[8],"Modulated":[9],"Continuous":[10],"Wave":[11],"sensing":[12,136],"for":[13,54,121],"geomaterial":[14,58,63,93,141],"property":[15],"classification.":[16],"Seminal":[17],"results":[18,125],"derived":[19],"from":[20],"analysis":[21,52],"return":[23],"signal":[24],"amplitude":[25],"and":[26,70],"phase":[27,112],"over":[28],"a":[29,49,111,116],"frequency":[30],"bandwidth":[31],"9.25-10.75":[33],"GHz":[34],"are":[35,65,80],"presented.":[36],"Due":[37],"to":[38,82,107,115,138],"advances":[39],"in":[40,140],"microwave":[41],"electronics,":[42],"our":[43],"evaluation":[44],"explores":[45],"concept":[47],"novel":[50],"desktop":[51],"system":[53],"real-time":[55],"monitoring":[56],"properties.":[59,142],"A":[60],"range":[61],"samples":[64,83],"analysed":[66],"including,":[67],"Darney,":[68],"Locharbriggs":[69],"Red":[71],"St.":[72],"Bees":[73],"Sandstones.":[74],"Ambient":[75],"environment":[76],"ground":[77],"truth":[78],"measurements":[79],"compared":[81],"imbibed":[84],"with":[85,99,110],"deionised":[86],"(DI)":[87],"water.":[88,123],"Results":[89],"indicate":[90],"that":[91],"each":[92],"sample":[94,118],"can":[95],"be":[96],"clearly":[97],"identified,":[98],"Darney":[101],"Sandstone":[102],"exhibiting":[103],"clearest":[105],"response":[106],"fluid":[108],"ingress,":[109],"shift":[113],"relative":[114],"\u201cdry\u201d":[117],"126\u00b0":[120],"DI":[122],"The":[124],"these":[127],"preliminary":[128],"experiments":[129],"support":[130],"sensitivity":[132],"FMCW":[135],"modality":[137],"variances":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}