{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968723757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2012.6237197","title":"Estimation of weld penetration using parameterized three-dimensional weld pool surface in gas tungsten arc welding","display_name":"Estimation of weld penetration using parameterized three-dimensional weld pool surface in gas tungsten arc welding","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968723757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2012.6237197","mag":"1968723757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isie.2012.6237197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2012.6237197","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070610898","display_name":"Xuewu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4072-8779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuewu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037196246","display_name":"YuKang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YuKang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366492","display_name":"Weijie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-0730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005715004","display_name":"Yuming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-2498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YuMing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070610898"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75204975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"299","issue":null,"first_page":"835","last_page":"840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding","display_name":"Welding","score":0.828764796257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-tungsten-arc-welding","display_name":"Gas tungsten arc welding","score":0.7512192130088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weld-pool","display_name":"Weld pool","score":0.7268379926681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6005373001098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penetration","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","score":0.5673566460609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc-blow","display_name":"Arc blow","score":0.4651222229003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penetration-depth","display_name":"Penetration depth","score":0.423844575881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.3923393487930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc-welding","display_name":"Arc welding","score":0.35948580503463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.3545567989349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34602296352386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy","display_name":"Metallurgy","score":0.2639855742454529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17929071187973022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.14268112182617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07167282700538635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.828764796257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3450827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1627310","display_name":"Gas tungsten arc welding","level":4,"score":0.7512192130088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776143536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980866","display_name":"Weld pool","level":5,"score":0.7268379926681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6005373001098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80107235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162625","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","level":2,"score":0.5673566460609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156080657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21655942","display_name":"Arc blow","level":5,"score":0.4651222229003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193493375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1306232","display_name":"Penetration depth","level":2,"score":0.423844575881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3923393487930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20480867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422937","display_name":"Arc welding","level":3,"score":0.35948580503463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3545567989349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34602296352386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.2639855742454529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17929071187973022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.14268112182617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07167282700538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isie.2012.6237197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.2012.6237197","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337391","display_name":"Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/028yd4c30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18388472","https://openalex.org/W58405548","https://openalex.org/W575884242","https://openalex.org/W1563386584","https://openalex.org/W1971364444","https://openalex.org/W1972238359","https://openalex.org/W2013707649","https://openalex.org/W2035660422","https://openalex.org/W2036171295","https://openalex.org/W2039393875","https://openalex.org/W2040664932","https://openalex.org/W2077615580","https://openalex.org/W2092284947","https://openalex.org/W2143563965","https://openalex.org/W2155872445","https://openalex.org/W2156736214","https://openalex.org/W2159709858","https://openalex.org/W2494939608","https://openalex.org/W3117823806","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602363824","https://openalex.org/W6616810747","https://openalex.org/W6633642185","https://openalex.org/W6788054030"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377189753","https://openalex.org/W1988955224","https://openalex.org/W3151695938","https://openalex.org/W2268485132","https://openalex.org/W2286485919","https://openalex.org/W3210403842","https://openalex.org/W45297839","https://openalex.org/W2079684507","https://openalex.org/W2086139922","https://openalex.org/W2359905812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,150],"skilled":[1],"welder":[2],"determines":[3],"the":[4,12,17,23,36,39,48,72,104,114,125,131,137,142,160,170],"weld":[5,13,26,40,51,74,105,133,161,171],"joint":[6,27,41,172],"penetration":[7,28,42,45,91],"from":[8,159],"his/her":[9],"observation":[10],"on":[11],"pool":[14,52,75,106,134,162],"surface":[15,53,76,107,135,163],"during":[16],"welding":[18,58,83],"process.":[19],"This":[20],"paper":[21],"addresses":[22],"estimation":[24,111],"of":[25,38,130,169],"(i.e.":[29],"determining":[30],"back-side":[31,95,143],"bead":[32,96,144],"width":[33,145],"that":[34,124],"measures":[35],"degree":[37],"in":[43,54,77],"full":[44,90],"welding)":[46],"using":[47],"parameterized":[49],"3D":[50,132],"gas":[55],"tungsten":[56],"arc":[57],"(GTAW).":[59],"To":[60],"this":[61],"end,":[62],"an":[63,147],"innovative":[64],"machine":[65],"vision":[66],"system":[67],"is":[68,152],"used":[69],"to":[70,88,140,155,164],"measure":[71],"specular":[73],"real-time.":[78],"Various":[79],"experiments":[80],"under":[81],"different":[82,94],"conditions":[84],"have":[85],"been":[86],"performed":[87],"produce":[89],"welds":[92],"with":[93,146],"widths":[97],"and":[98,108,128],"acquire":[99],"corresponding":[100],"images":[101],"for":[102],"reconstructing":[103],"calculating":[109],"candidate":[110],"parameters.":[112],"Through":[113],"least":[115],"squares":[116],"algorithm":[117],"based":[118],"statistic":[119],"analyses,":[120],"it":[121],"was":[122],"found":[123],"width,":[126],"length,":[127],"convexity":[129],"provides":[136],"optimal":[138],"model":[139],"predict":[141],"acceptable":[148],"accuracy.":[149],"foundation":[151],"thus":[153],"established":[154],"effectively":[156],"extract":[157],"information":[158],"facilitate":[165],"a":[166],"feedback":[167],"control":[168],"penetration.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}