{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388116231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isi58743.2023.10297235","title":"AI-based MultiModal to Identify State-linked Social Media Accounts in the Middle East: A Study on Twitter","display_name":"AI-based MultiModal to Identify State-linked Social Media Accounts in the Middle East: A Study on Twitter","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388116231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isi58743.2023.10297235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isi58743.2023.10297235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isi58743.2023.10297235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034852927","display_name":"Abdullah Melhem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5221-1430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91492222","display_name":"University of Maine at Augusta","ror":"https://ror.org/041gqhg24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802397601","https://openalex.org/I91492222"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087454","display_name":"Augusta University Health","ror":"https://ror.org/007rawr89","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Melhem","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University,Augusta,USA","School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University, Augusta, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University,Augusta,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454","https://openalex.org/I91492222"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University, Augusta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060546610","display_name":"Ahmed Aleroud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-1488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087454","display_name":"Augusta University Health","ror":"https://ror.org/007rawr89","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91492222","display_name":"University of Maine at Augusta","ror":"https://ror.org/041gqhg24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802397601","https://openalex.org/I91492222"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Aleroud","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University,Augusta,USA","School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University, Augusta, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University,Augusta,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454","https://openalex.org/I91492222"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University, Augusta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073085394","display_name":"Zain Halloush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-6671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91492222","display_name":"University of Maine at Augusta","ror":"https://ror.org/041gqhg24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802397601","https://openalex.org/I91492222"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087454","display_name":"Augusta University Health","ror":"https://ror.org/007rawr89","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zain Halloush","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University,Augusta,USA","School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University, Augusta, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University,Augusta,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454","https://openalex.org/I91492222"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences Augusta University, Augusta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034852927"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087454","https://openalex.org/I91492222"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.764525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.8439184427261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.8272202610969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7017252445220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.699159562587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.5597826838493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.48749566078186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.4589366316795349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.45065969228744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.4319990277290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globe","display_name":"Globe","score":0.42566537857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4224667251110077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40256160497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3741167187690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3350958228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3283359408378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.14983916282653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13169828057289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1254754662513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.09376320242881775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.8439184427261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.8272202610969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7017252445220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.699159562587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.5597826838493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48749566078186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.4589366316795349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.45065969228744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.4319990277290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.42566537857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4224667251110077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40256160497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3741167187690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3350958228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3283359408378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14983916282653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13169828057289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1254754662513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.09376320242881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isi58743.2023.10297235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isi58743.2023.10297235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1902191332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000142212549","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2744616698","https://openalex.org/W2758048150","https://openalex.org/W2763699126","https://openalex.org/W2767370829","https://openalex.org/W2797953850","https://openalex.org/W2810026022","https://openalex.org/W2900289476","https://openalex.org/W2999079969","https://openalex.org/W3034266838","https://openalex.org/W3037924975","https://openalex.org/W3041155336","https://openalex.org/W3119962516","https://openalex.org/W3158792679","https://openalex.org/W3163217719","https://openalex.org/W3170989320","https://openalex.org/W3185106195","https://openalex.org/W3195107722","https://openalex.org/W3216894255","https://openalex.org/W4284882302","https://openalex.org/W4287887501","https://openalex.org/W6756433197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3043508177","https://openalex.org/W4382752644","https://openalex.org/W4309170162","https://openalex.org/W3049488969","https://openalex.org/W2043544044","https://openalex.org/W3209170404","https://openalex.org/W2067549128","https://openalex.org/W4226303916","https://openalex.org/W4388052379","https://openalex.org/W4306317210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State-linked":[0],"propaganda":[1,179],"on":[2,53,87,98,106,113,133],"Social":[3],"Media":[4],"poses":[5],"a":[6,40,58,79],"new":[7],"challenge":[8,59],"at":[9,39],"the":[10,14,99,103,134,142,149,167,181],"geopolitical":[11],"level":[12],"for":[13,29],"United":[15],"States":[16],"and":[17,36,102,118,154,173,180],"other":[18,72,174],"countries.":[19],"The":[20,121,145],"widespread":[21],"of":[22,62,151,170],"social":[23,54],"media":[24,55],"platforms":[25],"makes":[26],"it":[27],"easier":[28],"adversaries":[30],"to":[31,83,91,128,140,176],"spread":[32],"disinformation,":[33],"conspiracy":[34],"theories":[35],"social-cyber":[37],"attacks":[38,65],"scale":[41],"that":[42,148],"was":[43,162],"not":[44],"possible":[45],"without":[46],"such":[47,57],"networks.":[48],"Not":[49],"only":[50],"English":[51],"content":[52,105],"represents":[56],"since":[60],"some":[61],"those":[63],"cyber-mediated":[64],"are":[66],"initiated":[67],"by":[68],"agents":[69],"who":[70],"target":[71],"languages.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"we":[77,94,137],"proposed":[78],"Multimodal":[80,111],"AI":[81,110,155],"approach":[82],"detect":[84,177],"statelinked":[85],"accounts":[86,132,161,183],"twitter.":[88],"As":[89],"opposed":[90],"previous":[92],"efforts,":[93],"focus":[95],"our":[96],"research":[97],"Middle":[100],"East":[101],"Anti-USA":[104],"Twitter.":[107],"We":[108],"trained":[109],"approaches":[112],"data":[114,126,139],"with":[115],"categorical,":[116],"textual":[117,152],"numerical":[119],"features.":[120],"study":[122,165],"utilized":[123],"experimental":[124],"Twitter":[125],"connected":[127],"numerous":[129],"suspected":[130],"state-linked":[131,160,178],"platform.":[135],"Additionally,":[136],"collected":[138],"represent":[141],"negative":[143],"samples.":[144],"findings":[146],"indicate":[147],"significance":[150,169],"modalities":[153,175],"language":[156],"models":[157],"in":[158],"identifying":[159],"limited.":[163],"Our":[164],"demonstrated":[166],"crucial":[168],"account":[171],"metadata":[172],"associated":[182],"effectively.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}