{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391342466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope56780.2023.10408224","title":"Non-Unit DC Line Protection Method for Multi-Terminal MMC-HVDC System Based on Normalized Backward Traveling Waves","display_name":"Non-Unit DC Line Protection Method for Multi-Terminal MMC-HVDC System Based on Normalized Backward Traveling Waves","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391342466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope56780.2023.10408224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgteurope56780.2023.10408224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope56780.2023.10408224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060699472","display_name":"Fan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7119-2498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["CN","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University,School of Electrical Engineering,Xi&#x2019;an,China","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University,School of Electrical Engineering,Xi&#x2019;an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100688175","display_name":"Le Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1420-0359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science,Delft,The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004910021","display_name":"Zhiguo Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5830-1111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University,School of Electrical Engineering,Xi&#x2019;an,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University,School of Electrical Engineering,Xi&#x2019;an,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073473404","display_name":"Aleksandra Leki\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2727-0767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra Leki\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science,Delft,The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076060764","display_name":"Marjan Popov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7292-5334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marjan Popov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science,Delft,The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science,Delft,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060699472"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476","https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56025411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14502","display_name":"High-Voltage Power Transmission Systems","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traveling-wave","display_name":"Traveling wave","score":0.7288538813591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","score":0.6309025883674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5696064829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.46542900800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4229137599468231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.4155358672142029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39715293049812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37548840045928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3208824098110199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28382810950279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19317695498466492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17672666907310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.12143328785896301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07659342885017395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988173416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37172","display_name":"Traveling wave","level":2,"score":0.7288538813591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779664074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518405","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.6309025883674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5696064829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.46542900800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4229137599468231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.4155358672142029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39715293049812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37548840045928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3208824098110199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28382810950279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19317695498466492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17672666907310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12143328785896301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07659342885017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgteurope56780.2023.10408224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope56780.2023.10408224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","display_name":"Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073198536","https://openalex.org/W2467290497","https://openalex.org/W2519868711","https://openalex.org/W2765932570","https://openalex.org/W2891363850","https://openalex.org/W2972598100","https://openalex.org/W2977834398","https://openalex.org/W2978796879","https://openalex.org/W2980837402","https://openalex.org/W2994701521","https://openalex.org/W3011270476","https://openalex.org/W3127330596","https://openalex.org/W3146284778","https://openalex.org/W3164882603","https://openalex.org/W4313120756","https://openalex.org/W4317598198","https://openalex.org/W4328007130","https://openalex.org/W4365420621","https://openalex.org/W4385694814"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211557223","https://openalex.org/W2007036916","https://openalex.org/W2120266540","https://openalex.org/W3015807911","https://openalex.org/W872563264","https://openalex.org/W2164087676","https://openalex.org/W4240867999","https://openalex.org/W2416728927","https://openalex.org/W4206528302","https://openalex.org/W108604697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"line":[1,30],"protection":[2,31,80],"methods":[3],"for":[4,57,67],"multi-terminal":[5],"direct":[6],"current":[7],"(MTDC)":[8],"systems":[9],"are":[10],"constrained":[11],"by":[12],"the":[13,35,42,49,55,58,62,75,85,95,102],"placement":[14],"and":[15,53,70,112,118],"values":[16],"of":[17,41,109],"boundary":[18,116],"elements.":[19],"To":[20],"overcome":[21],"this":[22,24,46],"limitation,":[23],"paper":[25],"proposes":[26],"a":[27,78,91],"non-unit":[28,79],"DC":[29],"method":[32,81,87,104],"based":[33],"on":[34,74,94],"normalized":[36,59,76],"backward":[37],"traveling":[38,50],"waves":[39],"(BTWs)":[40],"1-mode":[43],"voltage.":[44],"Firstly,":[45],"article":[47],"studies":[48],"wave":[51],"characteristics":[52],"derives":[54],"expressions":[56],"BTWs.":[60],"Then,":[61],"Levenberg-Marquardt":[63],"algorithm":[64],"is":[65,82,88,119],"used":[66],"amplitude":[68],"fitting":[69],"normalization":[71],"calculation.":[72],"Based":[73],"BTWs,":[77],"proposed.":[83],"Finally,":[84],"proposed":[86,103],"evaluated":[89],"with":[90],"simulation":[92],"model":[93],"PSCAD/EMTDC":[96],"platform.":[97],"The":[98],"results":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"that":[101],"can":[105],"accurately":[106],"identify":[107],"faults":[108],"different":[110],"resistances":[111],"distances":[113],"without":[114],"requiring":[115],"devices,":[117],"robust":[120],"against":[121],"noise":[122],"disturbances":[123],"(35dB).":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
