{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010625231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465893","title":"Load frequency control by aggregations of thermally stratified electric water heaters","display_name":"Load frequency control by aggregations of thermally stratified electric water heaters","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010625231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465893","mag":"2010625231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465893","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021678427","display_name":"Evangelos Vrettos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9912-9979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Vrettos","raw_affiliation_strings":["EEH-Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland","EEH-Power Syst. Lab., ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EEH-Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EEH-Power Syst. Lab., ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025975282","display_name":"Stephan Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0057-233X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["EEH-Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland","EEH-Power Syst. Lab., ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EEH-Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EEH-Power Syst. Lab., ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089346574","display_name":"G\u00f6ran Andersson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-7087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goran Andersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["EEH-Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland","EEH-Power Syst. Lab., ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EEH-Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EEH-Power Syst. Lab., ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97937978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/setpoint","display_name":"Setpoint","score":0.9441789984703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-heater","display_name":"Water heater","score":0.5539059042930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.5392218232154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.4728339612483978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.45001569390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.44653406739234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4429534375667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-heating","display_name":"Water heating","score":0.42134928703308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3731191158294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3271275460720062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.32318878173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2996276617050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1536964476108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.13513648509979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.08330336213111877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12302492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752097","display_name":"Setpoint","level":2,"score":0.9441789984703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994006372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27098513","display_name":"Water heater","level":3,"score":0.5539059042930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.5392218232154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.4728339612483978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.45001569390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.44653406739234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4429534375667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987760187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27098513","display_name":"Water heating","level":2,"score":0.42134928703308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3731191158294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3271275460720062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.32318878173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2996276617050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1536964476108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13513648509979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08330336213111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201289731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172599","display_name":"Inlet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465893","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.714.1493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.714.1493","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eeh.ee.ethz.ch/uploads/tx_ethpublications/Vrettos_Koch_Andersson_ISGT_2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W225163181","https://openalex.org/W586486933","https://openalex.org/W1971358929","https://openalex.org/W1974247334","https://openalex.org/W1993067805","https://openalex.org/W1999913837","https://openalex.org/W2005585337","https://openalex.org/W2010029789","https://openalex.org/W2048744160","https://openalex.org/W2056237120","https://openalex.org/W2130953666","https://openalex.org/W2158706071","https://openalex.org/W2181681996","https://openalex.org/W2542439583","https://openalex.org/W2553727796","https://openalex.org/W3152007146","https://openalex.org/W6608859633","https://openalex.org/W6685775293","https://openalex.org/W7002535191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246140537","https://openalex.org/W1973916882","https://openalex.org/W2362834408","https://openalex.org/W84703138","https://openalex.org/W2029531497","https://openalex.org/W2745152785","https://openalex.org/W2904053460","https://openalex.org/W4366146946","https://openalex.org/W161555290","https://openalex.org/W2060731220"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,25],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,84],"present":[4,59],"a":[5,36,81,86,96],"dynamic":[6],"model":[7],"of":[8,24,35,48,54,74,99],"an":[9],"electric":[10],"water":[11,20,38,102],"heater":[12,39,103],"which":[13],"describes":[14],"the":[15,19,31,52,100],"thermal":[16],"stratification":[17],"inside":[18],"tank.":[21],"The":[22],"goal":[23],"modeling":[26],"is":[27],"to":[28,42,95],"accurately":[29],"describe":[30],"power":[32,66],"consumption":[33],"behavior":[34],"large":[37],"population":[40],"and":[41,69,77],"assess":[43],"customer":[44],"comfort":[45],"loss":[46],"(lack":[47],"hot":[49],"water)":[50],"in":[51],"presence":[53],"external":[55],"control":[56,62,82,90],"actions.":[57],"We":[58],"four":[60],"rule-based":[61],"approaches":[63],"for":[64],"aggregate":[65,101],"setpoint":[67],"tracking":[68],"compare":[70],"them":[71],"by":[72],"means":[73],"time-domain":[75],"simulations":[76],"numerical":[78],"comparisons.":[79],"As":[80],"signal,":[83],"use":[85],"scaled":[87],"load":[88],"frequency":[89],"(LFC)":[91],"time":[92],"series":[93],"added":[94],"time-varying":[97],"baseline":[98],"load.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
